Blood problems

Question 1

What are the two causes of engorgement of the vascular bed?

Answer 1

active - erythema

passive - congestion

Question 2

What is active hyperaemia?

Answer 2

Engorgement of the vascular bed due to inflow of blood

Question 3

What is passive congestion?

Answer 3

Engorgement of the vascular bed due to

decreased outflow of blood - blockage

Question 4

What are the two types of congestion?

Answer 4

localised and generalised venous congestion

Question 5

What causes localised venous congestion?

Answer 5

Compression of vessels occludes veins

Question 6

What causes generalised venous congestion?

Answer 6

Obstruction of blood flow by decreased heart function

Question 7

What does right sides congestion cause?

Answer 7

Congestion of heptic circulation

Question 8

What does left side congestion cause?

Answer 8

Congestion of pulmonary circulation

Question 9

What is the type of congestion seen in dead animals?

Answer 9

Hypostatic congestion

Question 10

What is hypostatic congestion?

Answer 10

Gravity dependent reddening and blanching of pressure points

Question 11

What is ischaemia?

Answer 11

Injury of a tissue as a result of failure in perfusion

Question 12

What is infarction?

Answer 12

iscaemia that leads to necrosis

Question 13

What are the two different types of infarction?

Answer 13

Focal - small artery, local infarction

Global - large artery causing extensive infarction

Question 14

What happens during reperfusion injury?

Answer 14

when ischaemia happens mitochondria are damaged
antioxidants are used up
when O2 returns free radicals arent removed
these metabolites then go on to damage heart

Question 15

What is oedema?

Answer 15

It is an abnormal distribution of fluid between the plasma and the interstitium that results in more fluid in the tissues or body cavities

Question 16

What causes oedema?

Answer 16

Decreased plasma osmotic pressure
Increased capillary permeability
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Decreased lymphatic drainage

Question 17

What causes decreased plasma osmotic pressure?

Answer 17

Loss/decreased synthesis of plasma proteins

Question 18

What causes increased capillary permeability?

Answer 18

Endothelial damage from chemicals/toxins

Inflammation

Question 19

What causes increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Answer 19

Increased venous pressure

Decreased venous outflow

Question 20

What causes decreased lymphatic drainage?

Answer 20

Lymphatic vessel compression due to neoplasia, inflammation

Question 21

What fluid is in inflammatory oedema?

Answer 21

Exudate

Question 22

What is exudate made up of?

Answer 22

High in proteins and high in cells

Question 23

What fluid is in non inflammatory oedema?

Answer 23

Transudate

Question 24

What is transudate made up of?

Answer 24

Low in protein and low in cells

Question 25

What fluid is a mixture of different amounts of protein and cells?

Answer 25

Modified transudate

Question 26

What happens in primary haemostasis?

Answer 26

vasoconstriction platelets adhere fibrinogen binds platelets into a plug

Question 27

What happens in secondary haemostasis?

Answer 27

Coagulation cascade fibrin polymerisation secondary haemostatic plug forms

Question 28

What is the word for decreased number of platelets?

Answer 28

Thrombocytopenia

Question 29

What is the word for impaired platelet function

Answer 29

Thrombocytopathy

Question 30

What is a giant bruise called?

Answer 30

Haematoma

Question 31

What are petechiae?

Answer 31

Pin point haemorrhages

Question 32

What is virchows triad?

Answer 32

Abnormal blood flow Hypercoagulability Endothelial injury

Question 33

What causes hypercoagulability?

Answer 33

Increased platelets/fibrin stress inflammation neoplasia

Question 34

Where do occlusive thrombi form?

Answer 34

Veins

Question 35

Where does stasis thrombi occur?

Answer 35

Veins

Question 36

What are different about arterial thrombi?

Answer 36

Lines of Zahn

Question 37

What is an embolism?

Answer 37

Intravascular bolus that is carried in blood until its lodged

Question 38

What causes shock of the CV system?

Answer 38

Decreased circulating blood volume | decreased peripheral vascular resistance

Question 39

What causes hypovolaemic shock?

Answer 39

Blood/fluid loss

Question 40

What causes cardiogenic shock?

Answer 40

Ineffective heart pumping

Question 41

What causes blood maldistribution shock?

Answer 41

Anaphylaxis/neurogenic/septic blood pooling Decreased peripheral vascular resistance

Question 42

What is the clinical course of shock?

Answer 42

``` Impaired perfusion hypoxia anaerobic metabolism cell degeneration cell death ```