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BVSc2 AD1 > Nematodes > Flashcards

Nematodes Flashcards

1
Q

Stoma

A

Mouth

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2
Q

Oviparous

A

Lay eggs

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3
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

Give birth to eggs which hatch into larvae

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4
Q

Viviparous

A

Lay larvae

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5
Q

Spicules

A

Long hard structure which help to support the reproductive organs

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6
Q

Bursate nematodes

A

Has a copulatory bursa - protrusions at the end of the male which form a distinctive end

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7
Q

what is the direct life cycle

A

Undergoes 2 larval molts before infecting host at L3

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8
Q

what is the indirect life cycle

A

First 2 molts take place inside an intermediate host. Infection of final host caused by eating the intermediate host. Cant reproduce in the environment.

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9
Q

Where do the final 2 molts usually take place?

A

in the final host gut mucosa or during migration through the body

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10
Q

What makes the L3 stage infectious

A

Protected by a sheath, cannot feed but needs water, warmth and light

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11
Q

Hypobiosis

A

Arrested larval development in host

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12
Q

Trichostrongyloidea superfamily characteristics

A

Bursate
Direct life cycle
Small buccal capsule
GI tract

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13
Q

Trichostrongyloidea hosts?

A

Cattle, sheep, horse, pig

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14
Q

Ostertagia main features?

A

Trichostrongyloidea family
on pasture
3 weeks

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15
Q

Dictylocaulus main features?

A

Trichostrongyloidea family
in faecal pat
3 weeks

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16
Q

Strongyloidea superfamily characteristics?

A

Large buccal capsule
teeth
big copulatory bursa
direct life cycle

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17
Q

Strongyloidea host and where in the body?

A

Horses large intestine

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18
Q

Strongylus vilgaris main features?

A 
Strongyloidea family
In faecal pat
In large intestine
6 months
Causes colic by obstructing arteries
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19
Q

Metastrongyloidea superfamily characteristics?

A

Small buccal capsule
indirect life cycle
Intermediate host - slugs and snails
In lungs

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20
Q

What are nematodes?

A

WORMS

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21
Q

Angiostrongylus vasorum main features?

A 
Metastrongyloidea family
Big problem in dogs
Infects heart and lungs
Indirect life cycle - slugs and snails
7 weeks
Sudden death
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22
Q

Ancyclostomatoidea superfamily characteristics?

A 
Hookworms
large buccal capsule
teeth
direct life cycle
Small intestine
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23
Q

Ancyclostomatoidea hosts?

A

Dogs, cattle and humans

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24
Q

Ascaridoidea superfamily characteristics?

A

no buccal cavity
large, white
most species
direct life cycle

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25
Q

Toxocara canis/catis main features?

A 
Ascaridoidea family
Main in dogs and cats
Excreted in faeces
Remain in environment for years
Encystment in adults, reactivated in pregnancy
Transplacental/transmammary routes
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26
Q

Parascaris equorum main features, host and life cycle?

A 
Ascaridoidea family
Horse
L2-L3 in liver
L3+ in small intestine
12-16 weeks
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27
Q

Rhabditoidea superfamily

A

Mostly free living

Effects young animals

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28
Q

Strongyloides papillosus life cycle?

A 
Rhabditoidea family (???)
passed in faeces, eggs hatch and are ingested
in small intestine
8-14 days
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29
Q

Oxyuroidea superfamily main features?

A

Pinworms
direct life cycle
Adult in colon
Eggs laid on perianal skin of horse

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30
Q

Spiruroidea superfamily main features?

A

Male has spiral tail

Indirect life cycle - arthropod intermediate host

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31
Q

Habronema main features and life cycle?

A 
Spiruroidea family
Horse
Adults in stomach
Ingested by fly maggots - molt to L3
Flies transmit when feeding on secretions
Cause skin lesions
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32
Q

Filaroidea superfamily main features?

A

Indirect life cycle - Insect vectors

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33
Q

Dirofilaria immitus main features?

A 
Heart worms
Filaroidea family
Mosquitos transmit
6 months
Cause heart failure
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34
Q

Trichuroidea superfamily main features?

A

Whipworms
Direct life cycles
Found in caecum or colon
Infectious at L1

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35
Q

Trichuros suis main features?

A

Trichuroidea family
Pigs
Eggs excreted in faeces, ingested into intestine
7-10 weeks

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36
Q

Trichinelloidea superfamily main features and life cycle?

A

Indirect life cycle
in small intestine
produce larvae that Immediately invade the tissues (striated muscle) of the same host
Then eaten eg. by a human to continue the cycle

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37
Q

What are the main nematodes of the sheep?

A

Trichostrongyloidea, superfamily - nematodirus battus, teladorsagia circumcinta, haemonchus contortus, trichostrongylus, filaria
Rhabditoidea superfamily - strongyloides papillosus

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38
Q

What are the main nematodes of cattle?

A

Trichostrongyloidea superfamily - ostertagia ostertagi, cooperia oncophora, dictyocaulus viviparus
Spiruroidea superfamily - thelazia

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39
Q

What are the main nematodes of dogs and cats?

A

Ascaridoidea superfamily - Toxocara canis/cati/leonina
Ancyclostomatoidea superfamily - ancyclostoma caninum, uncinaria stenocephala (hookworm)
Trichuroidea superfamily - trichuris vulpis (whipworms)
Metastrongyloidea superfamily - angiostrongylus vasorum
aelurostrongylus abstrusus (cat), oslerus osleri
Spiruroidea superfamily
Filaroidea superfamily - Dirofilaria immitus (heartworms)

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40
Q

What are the main nematodes in horses?

A 
Strongyloidea superfamily - basically all of them
Cyathostominae - subfamily
Parascaris equorum
Strongyles
Oxyuris equi
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41
Q

Where is teladorsagia found?

A

Abomasum

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42
Q

What is the life cycle of teladorsagia?

A 
Direct
eggs pass in faeces
onto pasture where theyre ingested
L3 enter gastric glands in abomasum
L4-adults in lumen
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43
Q

What do teladorsagia look like?

A

Slender

red/brown worms

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44
Q

What are the symptoms of teladorsagia?

A

Anorexia, diarrhoea, weight loss, death

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45
Q

When in the year is teladorsagia a problem?

A

In autumn

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46
Q

What is the life cycle of nematodirus?

A 
Eggs passed in faeces
overwinter
L3 hatch after a cold snap when temps increase again
Eaten off pasture 
Molt to L4 in small intestinal mucosa
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47
Q

What do nematodirus look like?

A

Long and slender, intertwined

anterior worm thinner

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48
Q

What are the symptoms of nematodirus?

A

Severe yellow diarrhoea, malabsorption in gut, dehydration, death

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49
Q

What animals do nematodirus effect?

A

Lambs

Ewes have immunity

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50
Q

How do you diagnose nematodirus?

A

Not faecal egg count as clinical signs in prepatent period(PPP)
use clinical signs/post mortem

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51
Q

What is the source of nematodirus in lambs?

A

Overwintered eggs

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52
Q

What is the life cycle of haemonchus contortus?

A

Direct
Eggs in faeces
eaten and molt to L4 in abomasum
Adults feed on blood in abomasum

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53
Q

How do you identify haemonchus?

A

Have barbed spicules and dorsal bursal ray

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54
Q

What are the symptoms of haemonchus contortus?

A

Severe haemorrhagic gastritis, blood loss nad death, anaemia, oedema, dark faeces not diarrhoea

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55
Q

What is the source of haemonchus infection?

A

Hypobiosis nad reemergence in ewes

dont overwinter

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56
Q

When do haemonchus become a problem?

A

Mid spring to late autumn

warm humid conditions

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57
Q

What is the life cycle of trichostrongylus?

A

eggs passed in faeces
L3 ingested from pasture
molt to L4 in GI tract
can hypobiose for 6 months

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58
Q

What is the prepatent period for trichostrongloidea?

A

16-21 days

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59
Q

What animal does ostertagia ostertagi affect?

A

Cows

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60
Q

What is the life cycle of ostertagia?

A

eggs passed in faeces
L3 ingested from pasture
develops into L4 in abomasum gastric gland
can hyperbiose for 6 months

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61
Q

What do ostertagia look like?

A

red brown colour
branched spicules
double ovijectors
small bursa

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62
Q

What symptoms does ostertagia cause?

A

green watery diarrhoea, dehydration, anorexia, oedema, death
like teladorsagia

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63
Q

What is the pathology of ostertagia?

A

Damages parietal glands
increases pH
pepsinogen cant activate
increased epithelial permeability and thickened mucosa

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64
Q

How is ostertagia transmitted?

A

type 1 - ingests overwintered L3

type 2 - larvae from hypobiosis ingested by yearlings

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65
Q

Which infection is worse - type 1 or 2 ostertagia?

A

type 2 - low morbidity, high mortality

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66
Q

How do you treat ostertagia?

A

Anthelmintics in spring to prevent L3 buildup

move

67
Q

What animal does cooperia oncophora affect?

A

cow

68
Q

Where does cooperia spend L4-adult?

A

Small intestine mucosa

69
Q

What is the life cycle of cooperia oncophora?

A

Eggs hatch in faeces
L3 on pasture ingested
Molt to L4 in SI mucosa crypts

70
Q

What is the appearance of cooperia?

A

parallel wall in eggs (different to ostertagia)
red brown colour
no gubernaculum
long tapering tail

71
Q

What are the clinical signs of cooperia?

A

Inappetence
weight loss
diarrhoea (heavy infections)

72
Q

How do you diagnose cooperia?

A

Faecal egg counts

73
Q

How are cooperia passed between years?

A

Overwinter L3

Hyperbiosis

74
Q

Where is dictyocaulus viviparous found?

A

Cow lungs - lungworm

eggs in trachea

75
Q

What is the life cycle of dictyocaulus?

A 
Adult worms in lungs
eggs in trachea are coughed up and swallowed into GI tract
L3 in faecal pat
use pilobolus fungi to move to pasture
Ingested, L3 in intestine
L4 carried via blood or lymph to lungs
76
Q

What are the symptoms of dictyocaulus?

A

Bronchitis, pneumonia, coughing, death

77
Q

What does dictyocaulus look like?

A

Rounded head
tail blunt point
thread like worms in lungs

78
Q

What occurs in the prepatent period of dictyocaulus?

A

larvae in alveoli
inflammation, pulmonary oedema
Larvae molt and move to trachea

79
Q

What occurs in the patent phase of dictyocaulus?

A

Bronchitis
1000s of adults
frothy mucus in bronchi
pneumonia

80
Q

What happens in the post patent phase of dictyocaulus?

A

Calves recover
Lung fibrosis, healing
dead worm material cause bacterial infection

81
Q

What is the epidemiology of dictyocaulus?

A

mostly calves in first grazing season

overwintered larvae

82
Q

When does dictyocaulus infection occur?

A

Summer/autumn

83
Q

What is the fungi that helps dictyocaulus called?

A

Pilobolus

84
Q

How do you treat dictyocaulus?

A

anthelmintics in early stages

Lungworm vaccine - still infects pasture

85
Q

What is the nematode that affects the eye of cows?

A

Thelazia

86
Q

What is the intermediate host of thelazia?

A

Muscid flies

87
Q

What superfamily is thelazia in?

A

Spiruroidea

88
Q

Where does thelazia effect?

A

Conjunctival sac of eye

89
Q

What is the life cycle of thelazia?

A

Adults in conjunctival sac
Shed L1 which intermediate host feeds on
L1-L3 in fly
Fly feeds on tears and passes onto definitive host

90
Q

What superfamily does toxocara canis belong to?

A

Ascaridoidea

91
Q

What is the life cycle of toxocara canis?

A 
Excreted in faeces
L1-L3 in environment
Dog ingests L3 into small intestine
hepatic-tracheal migration and then back to SI to become adults
Can also encyst
92
Q

Why is toxocara canis a problem in bitches?

A

Cysts reactivate and infect pups by transplacental and transmammary routes and into lungs of foetus

93
Q

What do toxocara canis look like?

A

Large white worms in small intestine
no buccal capsule
ascarid round egg

94
Q

What symptoms does toxocarosis cause?

A

Pneumonia and pulmonary oedema
mucoid enteritis in intestines
can occlude gut
coughing

95
Q

When is infection highest in puppies?

A

Less than 6 months

96
Q

What is important to note about toxocara canis?

A

Zoonotic
children under 5
in parks, gardens, sandboxes

97
Q

How is toxocara canis diagnosed

A

Clinical signs eg. pneumonia in litter
eggs in faecal smear
worms in faeces

98
Q

how is toxocara canis controlled?

A

Anthelmintics during pregnancy and routinely in puppies and adults
Environmental - dog poo

99
Q

What are ancyclostomatoidea?

A

Hookworms

100
Q

What type of life cycle do ancyclostomatoidea have?

A

Direct

101
Q

How do ancyclostomatoidea infect hosts?

A

L3 penetrate skin and are carried by blood to heart and lungs

102
Q

What is the host of ancyclostomatoidea?

A

Dogs

HUMANS - zoonotic

103
Q

What is the life cycle of ancyclostomatoidea?

A

Penetrate skin
L3 enter lungs
L4 are swallowed into small intestine

104
Q

What clinical signs does ancyclostomatoidea cause?

A

They are blood feeders so anaemia
respiratory problems
skin lesions

105
Q

What is uncinaria stenocephala and what disease does it cause?

A

Hookworm

Pedal dermatitis

106
Q

What are trichuroidea?

A

Whipworms

107
Q

What is the life cycle of trichuris vulpis?

A

L1 infective stage
Hatch in dog GI tract and penetrate mucosal glands where they molt
adults have anterior end embedded in intestine

108
Q

What superfamily is angiostrongylus in?

A

Metastrongyloidea

109
Q

What type of life cycle is the metastrongyloidea superfamily?

A

Indirect

slugs and snails

110
Q

Where in the body does metastrongyloidea infect?

A

Lungs

111
Q

What host does angiostrongylus vasorum infect?

A

Dogs

112
Q

What is the life cycle of angiostrongylus vasorum?

A

Dog ingests snail
L3 penetrate intestine wall and go to lymph nodes
L5 go to right ventricles and pulmonary arteries
Eggs to lungs where L1 is coughed and swallowed
L1 excreted and ingested by snail

113
Q

What does angiostrongylus vasorum look like?

A

Small red worms in pulmonary arteries

114
Q

What is the cat version of angiostrongylus called?

A

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus

115
Q

What is the host of oslerus osleri?

A

Dogs

116
Q

What is the life cycle of osterus osleri?

A

Direct
L1 ingested then migrates to lungs
Adults lay eggs which are coughed up and swallowed
L1 passed in faeces

117
Q

What are the clinical signs of osterus osleri?

A

Dry cough, weight loss

118
Q

What type of life cycle is filaroidea?

A

Indirect

Insect vector

119
Q

Where in the body is filaroidea found?

A

Heart

not in GI tract at any point

120
Q

What is the species of filaroidea that affects dogs?

A

Dirofilaria immitus

121
Q

WHat is the life cycle of dirofilaria immitus?

A 
Adults in pulmonary arteries
Females release microfilariae - L1
Molt to L3 in mosquitoes
L3-5 in skin/fat/muscle
L5 migrate to heart
122
Q

Where is Dirofilaria immitus found in the world?

A

USA

123
Q

What is the most prevalent equine nematode?

A

Cyathostominae

124
Q

Where in the body does cyathostominae affect?

A

GI tract

125
Q

What is the life cycle of cyathostominae?

A

Egg passed in faeces and develop to L3
L3 ingested
Enter mucosa of large intestine and molt to L4
adult in lumen

126
Q

How can cyathosominae survive autumn/winter?

A

Hypobiosis in large intestinal mucosa

127
Q

What are the clinical signs of cyathostominae?

A

Cause inflammation of mucosa
weight loss
colic
larval cyathostominosis

128
Q

What is larval cyathostominosis?

A 
Diarrhoea
oedema
severe weight loss 
death
occurs in 50% of cases
129
Q

How do you control cyathostominae?

A

Poo pick pasture

selective anthelmintic treatment

130
Q

What host does strongylus affect?

A

Horse

131
Q

What is the life cycle for strongylus?

A

Eggs to L3 in faecal pat
L3 ingested, penetrate mucosa molt to L4
exit to cranial mesenteric artery and molt
return to intestines as adult

132
Q

What disease does strongylus cause?

A

Intestinal infarction and colic

death

133
Q

What does strongylus look like?

A

Robust dark red worms in large intestine

buccal capsule

134
Q

What host is triodontophorus in?

A

Horse

135
Q

What is the life cycle of triodontophorus?

A

Eggs L1-3 in faecal pat
L3 ingested
Adults in caecum and colon

136
Q

What are the clinical signs of triodontophorus?

A

Anaemia, weakness, diarrhoea

137
Q

What is dictyocaulus like in horses?

A

Less pathogenic

rarely patent

138
Q

What superfamily is parascaris equorum in?

A

ascaridoidea

139
Q

What is the life cycle of parascaris equorum?

A

Eggs ingested from pasture
L2-3 in liver
L3 to lungs, coughed up and swallowed
L3-adults in small intestine

140
Q

What disease symptoms deos parascaris equorum cause?

A

Respiratory disease
colic
intestinal obstruction
Migratory phase causes haemorrhage in liver and lungs 4 weeks post infection

141
Q

How is parascaris equorum good at being infectious?

A

Eggs survive for a long time in the environment

142
Q

What superfamily is strongyloides westeri in?

A

Rhabditoidea

143
Q

What animal is strongyloides westeri in?

A

Horses

144
Q

Where in the body does strongyloides affect?

A

Small intestine

migrates via lungs

145
Q

What is the common name for oxyuroidea?

A

Pinworms

146
Q

What is the species of oxyuroidea which infects horses?

A

Oxyuris equi

147
Q

Where in the body does oxyuris equi affect?

A

In colon

Eggs laid on perianal skin

148
Q

What is the life cycle of oxyuris equi?

A

Adults in colon migrate to anus to lay eggs
Eggs rubbed off into environment and develop to L3
Ingested back into colon

149
Q

What symptoms does oxyuris equi cause?

A

Perianal itching

Grey/yellow egg mass around rectum

150
Q

What is the intermediate host of Habronema microstoma?

A

Flies

151
Q

What disease does habronema microstoma cause?

A

Cutaneous habronemiasis - L3 burrow into skin and cause lesions

152
Q

Which ascarid affects pigs?

A

Ascaris suum

153
Q

What is the infectious stage of ascaris suum?

A

Egg containing L2

154
Q

How are pigs infected with ascaris suum?

A

Ingesting eggs in faeces

Or ingesting paratenic host - earthworm or dung beetle

155
Q

What is the life cycle of ascaris suum?

A 
Eggs excreted
Pigs infected
L2 burrow into intestine wall and migrate to liver, then to lungs
L3 migrate up trachea and are swallowed
adult in small intestine
156
Q

What disease can ascaris suum cause?

A

White spots on liver

Obstruction

157
Q

What is the epidemiology of ascaris suum?

A

Eggs survive years in environment
piglets mostly affected as not immune
Highest in summer

158
Q

Where are trichinella spiralis found?

A

Small intestine of pigs

159
Q

What is the life cycle of trichinella spiralis?

A 
Indirect life cycle 
Adults in small intestine
L1 travel in blood to encyst in muscles 
Must be eaten - rats, humans, other pigs
and then they are infected
160
Q

What is different about the life cycle of trichinella spiralis?

A

No free living stage

Indirect life cycle

161
Q

What clinical signs does trichinella spiralis cause?

A

Diarrhoea, weakness, inappetence

162
Q

How do you control trichinella spiralis?

A

Boil food
Meat inspection
Eliminate rodents
Cook meat

163
Q

What are the 3 nematodes of poultry?

A

Ascridia galli
Heterakis gallinarum
Capillaria

BVSc2 AD1 (12 decks)

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