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Nematodes Flashcards

1
Q

Stoma

A

Mouth

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2
Q

Oviparous

A

Lay eggs

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3
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

Give birth to eggs which hatch into larvae

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4
Q

Viviparous

A

Lay larvae

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5
Q

Spicules

A

Long hard structure which help to support the reproductive organs

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6
Q

Bursate nematodes

A

Has a copulatory bursa - protrusions at the end of the male which form a distinctive end

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7
Q

what is the direct life cycle

A

Undergoes 2 larval molts before infecting host at L3

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8
Q

what is the indirect life cycle

A

First 2 molts take place inside an intermediate host. Infection of final host caused by eating the intermediate host. Cant reproduce in the environment.

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9
Q

Where do the final 2 molts usually take place?

A

in the final host gut mucosa or during migration through the body

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10
Q

What makes the L3 stage infectious

A

Protected by a sheath, cannot feed but needs water, warmth and light

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11
Q

Hypobiosis

A

Arrested larval development in host

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12
Q

Trichostrongyloidea superfamily characteristics

A

Bursate
Direct life cycle
Small buccal capsule
GI tract

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13
Q

Trichostrongyloidea hosts?

A

Cattle, sheep, horse, pig

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14
Q

Ostertagia main features?

A

Trichostrongyloidea family
on pasture
3 weeks

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15
Q

Dictylocaulus main features?

A

Trichostrongyloidea family
in faecal pat
3 weeks

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16
Q

Strongyloidea superfamily characteristics?

A

Large buccal capsule
teeth
big copulatory bursa
direct life cycle

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17
Q

Strongyloidea host and where in the body?

A

Horses large intestine

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18
Q

Strongylus vilgaris main features?

A 
Strongyloidea family
In faecal pat
In large intestine
6 months
Causes colic by obstructing arteries
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19
Q

Metastrongyloidea superfamily characteristics?

A

Small buccal capsule
indirect life cycle
Intermediate host - slugs and snails
In lungs

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20
Q

What are nematodes?

A

WORMS

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21
Q

Angiostrongylus vasorum main features?

A 
Metastrongyloidea family
Big problem in dogs
Infects heart and lungs
Indirect life cycle - slugs and snails
7 weeks
Sudden death
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22
Q

Ancyclostomatoidea superfamily characteristics?

A 
Hookworms
large buccal capsule
teeth
direct life cycle
Small intestine
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23
Q

Ancyclostomatoidea hosts?

A

Dogs, cattle and humans

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24
Q

Ascaridoidea superfamily characteristics?

A

no buccal cavity
large, white
most species
direct life cycle

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25
Toxocara canis/catis main features?
``` Ascaridoidea family Main in dogs and cats Excreted in faeces Remain in environment for years Encystment in adults, reactivated in pregnancy Transplacental/transmammary routes ```
26
Parascaris equorum main features, host and life cycle?
``` Ascaridoidea family Horse L2-L3 in liver L3+ in small intestine 12-16 weeks ```
27
Rhabditoidea superfamily
Mostly free living | Effects young animals
28
Strongyloides papillosus life cycle?
``` Rhabditoidea family (???) passed in faeces, eggs hatch and are ingested in small intestine 8-14 days ```
29
Oxyuroidea superfamily main features?
Pinworms direct life cycle Adult in colon Eggs laid on perianal skin of horse
30
Spiruroidea superfamily main features?
Male has spiral tail | Indirect life cycle - arthropod intermediate host
31
Habronema main features and life cycle?
``` Spiruroidea family Horse Adults in stomach Ingested by fly maggots - molt to L3 Flies transmit when feeding on secretions Cause skin lesions ```
32
Filaroidea superfamily main features?
Indirect life cycle - Insect vectors
33
Dirofilaria immitus main features?
``` Heart worms Filaroidea family Mosquitos transmit 6 months Cause heart failure ```
34
Trichuroidea superfamily main features?
Whipworms Direct life cycles Found in caecum or colon Infectious at L1
35
Trichuros suis main features?
Trichuroidea family Pigs Eggs excreted in faeces, ingested into intestine 7-10 weeks
36
Trichinelloidea superfamily main features and life cycle?
Indirect life cycle in small intestine produce larvae that Immediately invade the tissues (striated muscle) of the same host Then eaten eg. by a human to continue the cycle
37
What are the main nematodes of the sheep?
Trichostrongyloidea, superfamily - nematodirus battus, teladorsagia circumcinta, haemonchus contortus, trichostrongylus, filaria Rhabditoidea superfamily - strongyloides papillosus
38
What are the main nematodes of cattle?
Trichostrongyloidea superfamily - ostertagia ostertagi, cooperia oncophora, dictyocaulus viviparus Spiruroidea superfamily - thelazia
39
What are the main nematodes of dogs and cats?
Ascaridoidea superfamily - Toxocara canis/cati/leonina Ancyclostomatoidea superfamily - ancyclostoma caninum, uncinaria stenocephala (hookworm) Trichuroidea superfamily - trichuris vulpis (whipworms) Metastrongyloidea superfamily - angiostrongylus vasorum aelurostrongylus abstrusus (cat), oslerus osleri Spiruroidea superfamily Filaroidea superfamily - Dirofilaria immitus (heartworms)
40
What are the main nematodes in horses?
``` Strongyloidea superfamily - basically all of them Cyathostominae - subfamily Parascaris equorum Strongyles Oxyuris equi ```
41
Where is teladorsagia found?
Abomasum
42
What is the life cycle of teladorsagia?
``` Direct eggs pass in faeces onto pasture where theyre ingested L3 enter gastric glands in abomasum L4-adults in lumen ```
43
What do teladorsagia look like?
Slender | red/brown worms
44
What are the symptoms of teladorsagia?
Anorexia, diarrhoea, weight loss, death
45
When in the year is teladorsagia a problem?
In autumn
46
What is the life cycle of nematodirus?
``` Eggs passed in faeces overwinter L3 hatch after a cold snap when temps increase again Eaten off pasture Molt to L4 in small intestinal mucosa ```
47
What do nematodirus look like?
Long and slender, intertwined | anterior worm thinner
48
What are the symptoms of nematodirus?
Severe yellow diarrhoea, malabsorption in gut, dehydration, death
49
What animals do nematodirus effect?
Lambs | Ewes have immunity
50
How do you diagnose nematodirus?
Not faecal egg count as clinical signs in prepatent period(PPP) use clinical signs/post mortem
51
What is the source of nematodirus in lambs?
Overwintered eggs
52
What is the life cycle of haemonchus contortus?
Direct Eggs in faeces eaten and molt to L4 in abomasum Adults feed on blood in abomasum
53
How do you identify haemonchus?
Have barbed spicules and dorsal bursal ray
54
What are the symptoms of haemonchus contortus?
Severe haemorrhagic gastritis, blood loss nad death, anaemia, oedema, dark faeces not diarrhoea
55
What is the source of haemonchus infection?
Hypobiosis nad reemergence in ewes | dont overwinter
56
When do haemonchus become a problem?
Mid spring to late autumn | warm humid conditions
57
What is the life cycle of trichostrongylus?
eggs passed in faeces L3 ingested from pasture molt to L4 in GI tract can hypobiose for 6 months
58
What is the prepatent period for trichostrongloidea?
16-21 days
59
What animal does ostertagia ostertagi affect?
Cows
60
What is the life cycle of ostertagia?
eggs passed in faeces L3 ingested from pasture develops into L4 in abomasum gastric gland can hyperbiose for 6 months
61
What do ostertagia look like?
red brown colour branched spicules double ovijectors small bursa
62
What symptoms does ostertagia cause?
green watery diarrhoea, dehydration, anorexia, oedema, death like teladorsagia
63
What is the pathology of ostertagia?
Damages parietal glands increases pH pepsinogen cant activate increased epithelial permeability and thickened mucosa
64
How is ostertagia transmitted?
type 1 - ingests overwintered L3 | type 2 - larvae from hypobiosis ingested by yearlings
65
Which infection is worse - type 1 or 2 ostertagia?
type 2 - low morbidity, high mortality
66
How do you treat ostertagia?
Anthelmintics in spring to prevent L3 buildup | move
67
What animal does cooperia oncophora affect?
cow
68
Where does cooperia spend L4-adult?
Small intestine mucosa
69
What is the life cycle of cooperia oncophora?
Eggs hatch in faeces L3 on pasture ingested Molt to L4 in SI mucosa crypts
70
What is the appearance of cooperia?
parallel wall in eggs (different to ostertagia) red brown colour no gubernaculum long tapering tail
71
What are the clinical signs of cooperia?
Inappetence weight loss diarrhoea (heavy infections)
72
How do you diagnose cooperia?
Faecal egg counts
73
How are cooperia passed between years?
Overwinter L3 | Hyperbiosis
74
Where is dictyocaulus viviparous found?
Cow lungs - lungworm | eggs in trachea
75
What is the life cycle of dictyocaulus?
``` Adult worms in lungs eggs in trachea are coughed up and swallowed into GI tract L3 in faecal pat use pilobolus fungi to move to pasture Ingested, L3 in intestine L4 carried via blood or lymph to lungs ```
76
What are the symptoms of dictyocaulus?
Bronchitis, pneumonia, coughing, death
77
What does dictyocaulus look like?
Rounded head tail blunt point thread like worms in lungs
78
What occurs in the prepatent period of dictyocaulus?
larvae in alveoli inflammation, pulmonary oedema Larvae molt and move to trachea
79
What occurs in the patent phase of dictyocaulus?
Bronchitis 1000s of adults frothy mucus in bronchi pneumonia
80
What happens in the post patent phase of dictyocaulus?
Calves recover Lung fibrosis, healing dead worm material cause bacterial infection
81
What is the epidemiology of dictyocaulus?
mostly calves in first grazing season | overwintered larvae
82
When does dictyocaulus infection occur?
Summer/autumn
83
What is the fungi that helps dictyocaulus called?
Pilobolus
84
How do you treat dictyocaulus?
anthelmintics in early stages | Lungworm vaccine - still infects pasture
85
What is the nematode that affects the eye of cows?
Thelazia
86
What is the intermediate host of thelazia?
Muscid flies
87
What superfamily is thelazia in?
Spiruroidea
88
Where does thelazia effect?
Conjunctival sac of eye
89
What is the life cycle of thelazia?
Adults in conjunctival sac Shed L1 which intermediate host feeds on L1-L3 in fly Fly feeds on tears and passes onto definitive host
90
What superfamily does toxocara canis belong to?
Ascaridoidea
91
What is the life cycle of toxocara canis?
``` Excreted in faeces L1-L3 in environment Dog ingests L3 into small intestine hepatic-tracheal migration and then back to SI to become adults Can also encyst ```
92
Why is toxocara canis a problem in bitches?
Cysts reactivate and infect pups by transplacental and transmammary routes and into lungs of foetus
93
What do toxocara canis look like?
Large white worms in small intestine no buccal capsule ascarid round egg
94
What symptoms does toxocarosis cause?
Pneumonia and pulmonary oedema mucoid enteritis in intestines can occlude gut coughing
95
When is infection highest in puppies?
Less than 6 months
96
What is important to note about toxocara canis?
Zoonotic children under 5 in parks, gardens, sandboxes
97
How is toxocara canis diagnosed
Clinical signs eg. pneumonia in litter eggs in faecal smear worms in faeces
98
how is toxocara canis controlled?
Anthelmintics during pregnancy and routinely in puppies and adults Environmental - dog poo
99
What are ancyclostomatoidea?
Hookworms
100
What type of life cycle do ancyclostomatoidea have?
Direct
101
How do ancyclostomatoidea infect hosts?
L3 penetrate skin and are carried by blood to heart and lungs
102
What is the host of ancyclostomatoidea?
Dogs | HUMANS - zoonotic
103
What is the life cycle of ancyclostomatoidea?
Penetrate skin L3 enter lungs L4 are swallowed into small intestine
104
What clinical signs does ancyclostomatoidea cause?
They are blood feeders so anaemia respiratory problems skin lesions
105
What is uncinaria stenocephala and what disease does it cause?
Hookworm | Pedal dermatitis
106
What are trichuroidea?
Whipworms
107
What is the life cycle of trichuris vulpis?
L1 infective stage Hatch in dog GI tract and penetrate mucosal glands where they molt adults have anterior end embedded in intestine
108
What superfamily is angiostrongylus in?
Metastrongyloidea
109
What type of life cycle is the metastrongyloidea superfamily?
Indirect | slugs and snails
110
Where in the body does metastrongyloidea infect?
Lungs
111
What host does angiostrongylus vasorum infect?
Dogs
112
What is the life cycle of angiostrongylus vasorum?
Dog ingests snail L3 penetrate intestine wall and go to lymph nodes L5 go to right ventricles and pulmonary arteries Eggs to lungs where L1 is coughed and swallowed L1 excreted and ingested by snail
113
What does angiostrongylus vasorum look like?
Small red worms in pulmonary arteries
114
What is the cat version of angiostrongylus called?
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
115
What is the host of oslerus osleri?
Dogs
116
What is the life cycle of osterus osleri?
Direct L1 ingested then migrates to lungs Adults lay eggs which are coughed up and swallowed L1 passed in faeces
117
What are the clinical signs of osterus osleri?
Dry cough, weight loss
118
What type of life cycle is filaroidea?
Indirect | Insect vector
119
Where in the body is filaroidea found?
Heart | not in GI tract at any point
120
What is the species of filaroidea that affects dogs?
Dirofilaria immitus
121
WHat is the life cycle of dirofilaria immitus?
``` Adults in pulmonary arteries Females release microfilariae - L1 Molt to L3 in mosquitoes L3-5 in skin/fat/muscle L5 migrate to heart ```
122
Where is Dirofilaria immitus found in the world?
USA
123
What is the most prevalent equine nematode?
Cyathostominae
124
Where in the body does cyathostominae affect?
GI tract
125
What is the life cycle of cyathostominae?
Egg passed in faeces and develop to L3 L3 ingested Enter mucosa of large intestine and molt to L4 adult in lumen
126
How can cyathosominae survive autumn/winter?
Hypobiosis in large intestinal mucosa
127
What are the clinical signs of cyathostominae?
Cause inflammation of mucosa weight loss colic larval cyathostominosis
128
What is larval cyathostominosis?
``` Diarrhoea oedema severe weight loss death occurs in 50% of cases ```
129
How do you control cyathostominae?
Poo pick pasture | selective anthelmintic treatment
130
What host does strongylus affect?
Horse
131
What is the life cycle for strongylus?
Eggs to L3 in faecal pat L3 ingested, penetrate mucosa molt to L4 exit to cranial mesenteric artery and molt return to intestines as adult
132
What disease does strongylus cause?
Intestinal infarction and colic | death
133
What does strongylus look like?
Robust dark red worms in large intestine | buccal capsule
134
What host is triodontophorus in?
Horse
135
What is the life cycle of triodontophorus?
Eggs L1-3 in faecal pat L3 ingested Adults in caecum and colon
136
What are the clinical signs of triodontophorus?
Anaemia, weakness, diarrhoea
137
What is dictyocaulus like in horses?
Less pathogenic | rarely patent
138
What superfamily is parascaris equorum in?
ascaridoidea
139
What is the life cycle of parascaris equorum?
Eggs ingested from pasture L2-3 in liver L3 to lungs, coughed up and swallowed L3-adults in small intestine
140
What disease symptoms deos parascaris equorum cause?
Respiratory disease colic intestinal obstruction Migratory phase causes haemorrhage in liver and lungs 4 weeks post infection
141
How is parascaris equorum good at being infectious?
Eggs survive for a long time in the environment
142
What superfamily is strongyloides westeri in?
Rhabditoidea
143
What animal is strongyloides westeri in?
Horses
144
Where in the body does strongyloides affect?
Small intestine | migrates via lungs
145
What is the common name for oxyuroidea?
Pinworms
146
What is the species of oxyuroidea which infects horses?
Oxyuris equi
147
Where in the body does oxyuris equi affect?
In colon | Eggs laid on perianal skin
148
What is the life cycle of oxyuris equi?
Adults in colon migrate to anus to lay eggs Eggs rubbed off into environment and develop to L3 Ingested back into colon
149
What symptoms does oxyuris equi cause?
Perianal itching | Grey/yellow egg mass around rectum
150
What is the intermediate host of Habronema microstoma?
Flies
151
What disease does habronema microstoma cause?
Cutaneous habronemiasis - L3 burrow into skin and cause lesions
152
Which ascarid affects pigs?
Ascaris suum
153
What is the infectious stage of ascaris suum?
Egg containing L2
154
How are pigs infected with ascaris suum?
Ingesting eggs in faeces | Or ingesting paratenic host - earthworm or dung beetle
155
What is the life cycle of ascaris suum?
``` Eggs excreted Pigs infected L2 burrow into intestine wall and migrate to liver, then to lungs L3 migrate up trachea and are swallowed adult in small intestine ```
156
What disease can ascaris suum cause?
White spots on liver | Obstruction
157
What is the epidemiology of ascaris suum?
Eggs survive years in environment piglets mostly affected as not immune Highest in summer
158
Where are trichinella spiralis found?
Small intestine of pigs
159
What is the life cycle of trichinella spiralis?
``` Indirect life cycle Adults in small intestine L1 travel in blood to encyst in muscles Must be eaten - rats, humans, other pigs and then they are infected ```
160
What is different about the life cycle of trichinella spiralis?
No free living stage | Indirect life cycle
161
What clinical signs does trichinella spiralis cause?
Diarrhoea, weakness, inappetence
162
How do you control trichinella spiralis?
Boil food Meat inspection Eliminate rodents Cook meat
163
What are the 3 nematodes of poultry?
Ascridia galli Heterakis gallinarum Capillaria

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