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BVSc2 AD1 > Inflammation, healing and tissue repair > Flashcards

Inflammation, healing and tissue repair Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

A

Redness
heat
swelling
pain

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2
Q

What type of immunity is inflammatory response under?

A

Innate immunity - non specific defences

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3
Q

How does necrosis cause inflammatory response?

A

DAMPs released
Pattern recognition receptors on immune cells detect them
Triggers cytokine release

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4
Q

What are the 3 phases of acute inflammation?

A

Vascular phase
Exudative phase
cellular phase

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5
Q

What happens in the vascular phase of acute inflammaiton

A

blood supply to area increases
gaps open between endothelial cells
exudate fluid flows out

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6
Q

What causes increased blood flow?

A

vasoactive amines such as histamine from mast cells

bradykinin from endothelial cells

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7
Q

What happens in the cellular phase of acute inflammation?

A

Phagocytic cells leave vessels via leukocyte adhesion cascade
Neutrophils - first responders
follow chemoattractants

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8
Q

What are the stages of leukocyte adhesion cascade?

A

Neutrophils marginate - move to edges of vessel
Rolling - selectins
Firm adhesion - integrins
Transmigration - PCAM-1

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9
Q

What produces histamine?

A

Mast cells

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10
Q

What does histamine cause?

A

vasodilation
increased permeability
itching/pain

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11
Q

How do mast cells release histamine?

A

Degranulation

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12
Q

What does arachidonic acid do?

A

Produces lipid mediators

Metabolised to proinflammatory -leukotrienes, prostaglandins and thromboxanes

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13
Q

What do free radicals do?

A

activate endothelial cells
increase permeability
enhance cytokine production
release chemotactic factors to attract neutrophils

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14
Q

WHat do cytokines do?

A

Modulate function of cells

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15
Q

What are haematopoietins?

A

Growth factors for blood cells

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16
Q

WHat are interferons?

A

Antiviral
regulate cell growth
activate immune system

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17
Q

What are chemokines>

A

Chemoattractants

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18
Q

What are interleukins?

A

Promote leukocyte development and differentiation

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19
Q

What stimulates the complement cascade?

A

Tissue injury
clotting
immune responses

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20
Q

What is the complement cascade?

A

Creates membrane attack complexes (MAC)

punch holes in plasma membrane

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21
Q

How is acute inflammation stopped?

A

Remove stimulus
down regulate cytokine receptors
dephosphorylation of signalling molecules

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22
Q

What happens if acute inflammation isnt stopped?

A

Progresses to chronic inflammaiton

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23
Q

What are the characteristics of chronic inflammation?

A 
No fluid exudation
mononuclear cells and macrophages
necrosis
tissue repair - fibrosis
abscess formation
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24
Q

What are macrophages derived from?

A

Mononuclear cells

25
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Secrete cytokines and growth factors
Trigger adaptive immune response
Direct fibroblasts to produce collagen and create abscesses
cause angiogenesis

26
Q

What are the types of macrophage response?

A

Diffuse - sheets

Granuloma formation - nodular pattern

27
Q

What is a granuloma structure?

A

Macrophages in the middle with neutrophils

Outer ring - lymphocytes, plasma cells and fibrous capsule

28
Q

What is it called when granulomas fail?

A

Caseative granulomas

29
Q

What are eosinophils?

A

Significant in response to parasites

in hypersensitivity reactions

30
Q

What does healing involve?

A

Regeneration

fibrous tissue formation

31
Q

What is the extracellular matrix made up of?

A

Collagen
glycoproteins
basement membrane
elastic fibres

32
Q

What is the name for populations that continuously divide?

A

Labile populations

33
Q

What is a stable population called?

A

Quiescent

34
Q

What is the formation of new blood vessels called?

A

Angiogenesis

35
Q

What do fibroblasts produce?

A

Collagen

36
Q

What are the phases of wound healing?

A

Haemostasis
Inflammation
Proliferation
Remodelling

37
Q

What happens in the haemostasis phase of wound repair?

A

initial vasoconstriction
platelets adhere to damaged endothelium
fibrin mesh forms
then blood vessels dilate

38
Q

What occurs in the inflammatory phase of tissue repair?

A

Neutrophils invade
removal of debris and bacteria
macrophages take over

39
Q

What occurs in the proliferative phase of tissue repair?

A

granulation tissue starts to form

re epithelialisation occurs

40
Q

What is granulation tissue?

A

Immature connective tissue nad new blood vessels

41
Q

What occurs in reepithelialisation?

A

epithelial cells migrate from wound bed to cover surface

42
Q

When does the proliferative phase occur?

A

4-24 days

43
Q

What causes angiogenesis?

A

Hypoxia

cytokines induce vascular endothelial growth factor expression

44
Q

What does fibrin do?

A

Make provisional stroma/clot

then fibroblasts can develop on it

45
Q

What does VEGF do?

A

Increase permeability to stimulate angiogenesis

46
Q

What are matrix metalloproteases produced by?

A

Fibroblasts, macrophages, neutrophils

47
Q

What do matrix metalloproteases do?

A

enzymes which aid with connective tissue (collagen fibre) remodelling
They degrade collagen

48
Q

What occurs in the remodelling phase of tissue repair?

A

Collagen fibres reorganise
fibroblasts turn to myofibroblasts
wound margin contracts

49
Q

What are myofibroblasts?

A

Have the same characteristics of smooth muscle

50
Q

What are the types of wound healing?

A

First/second/third intention

51
Q

What is first intention?

A

Woound edges in close apposition

eg. surgical incision

52
Q

What is a second intention?

A

Large tissue defect
edges dont touch
more scar tissue

53
Q

What is third intention?

A

Drainage tube

wound kept open

54
Q

What is proud flesh?

A

Excessive formation of repair component
causes granulation tissue which stops epithelialisation
collagen becomes fibrosis

55
Q

What is scarring called?

A

Fibrosis

56
Q

Factors favouring scarring?

A 
Repeated damage
large area
hypoxia/no blood supply
contamination
movement
57
Q

What do growth factors do in tissue repair?

A

Cause proliferation of fibroblasts and endothelial cells

58
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

blood cells moving through blood vessel walls

BVSc2 AD1 (12 decks)

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