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BVSc2 AD1 > Inflammation, healing and tissue repair > Flashcards

Inflammation, healing and tissue repair Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

A

Redness
heat
swelling
pain

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2
Q

What type of immunity is inflammatory response under?

A

Innate immunity - non specific defences

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3
Q

How does necrosis cause inflammatory response?

A

DAMPs released
Pattern recognition receptors on immune cells detect them
Triggers cytokine release

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4
Q

What are the 3 phases of acute inflammation?

A

Vascular phase
Exudative phase
cellular phase

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5
Q

What happens in the vascular phase of acute inflammaiton

A

blood supply to area increases
gaps open between endothelial cells
exudate fluid flows out

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6
Q

What causes increased blood flow?

A

vasoactive amines such as histamine from mast cells

bradykinin from endothelial cells

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7
Q

What happens in the cellular phase of acute inflammation?

A

Phagocytic cells leave vessels via leukocyte adhesion cascade
Neutrophils - first responders
follow chemoattractants

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8
Q

What are the stages of leukocyte adhesion cascade?

A

Neutrophils marginate - move to edges of vessel
Rolling - selectins
Firm adhesion - integrins
Transmigration - PCAM-1

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9
Q

What produces histamine?

A

Mast cells

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10
Q

What does histamine cause?

A

vasodilation
increased permeability
itching/pain

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11
Q

How do mast cells release histamine?

A

Degranulation

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12
Q

What does arachidonic acid do?

A

Produces lipid mediators

Metabolised to proinflammatory -leukotrienes, prostaglandins and thromboxanes

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13
Q

What do free radicals do?

A

activate endothelial cells
increase permeability
enhance cytokine production
release chemotactic factors to attract neutrophils

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14
Q

WHat do cytokines do?

A

Modulate function of cells

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15
Q

What are haematopoietins?

A

Growth factors for blood cells

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16
Q

WHat are interferons?

A

Antiviral
regulate cell growth
activate immune system

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17
Q

What are chemokines>

A

Chemoattractants

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18
Q

What are interleukins?

A

Promote leukocyte development and differentiation

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19
Q

What stimulates the complement cascade?

A

Tissue injury
clotting
immune responses

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20
Q

What is the complement cascade?

A

Creates membrane attack complexes (MAC)

punch holes in plasma membrane

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21
Q

How is acute inflammation stopped?

A

Remove stimulus
down regulate cytokine receptors
dephosphorylation of signalling molecules

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22
Q

What happens if acute inflammation isnt stopped?

A

Progresses to chronic inflammaiton

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23
Q

What are the characteristics of chronic inflammation?

A 
No fluid exudation
mononuclear cells and macrophages
necrosis
tissue repair - fibrosis
abscess formation
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24
Q

What are macrophages derived from?

A

Mononuclear cells

25
What do macrophages do?
Secrete cytokines and growth factors Trigger adaptive immune response Direct fibroblasts to produce collagen and create abscesses cause angiogenesis
26
What are the types of macrophage response?
Diffuse - sheets | Granuloma formation - nodular pattern
27
What is a granuloma structure?
Macrophages in the middle with neutrophils | Outer ring - lymphocytes, plasma cells and fibrous capsule
28
What is it called when granulomas fail?
Caseative granulomas
29
What are eosinophils?
Significant in response to parasites | in hypersensitivity reactions
30
What does healing involve?
Regeneration | fibrous tissue formation
31
What is the extracellular matrix made up of?
Collagen glycoproteins basement membrane elastic fibres
32
What is the name for populations that continuously divide?
Labile populations
33
What is a stable population called?
Quiescent
34
What is the formation of new blood vessels called?
Angiogenesis
35
What do fibroblasts produce?
Collagen
36
What are the phases of wound healing?
Haemostasis Inflammation Proliferation Remodelling
37
What happens in the haemostasis phase of wound repair?
initial vasoconstriction platelets adhere to damaged endothelium fibrin mesh forms then blood vessels dilate
38
What occurs in the inflammatory phase of tissue repair?
Neutrophils invade removal of debris and bacteria macrophages take over
39
What occurs in the proliferative phase of tissue repair?
granulation tissue starts to form | re epithelialisation occurs
40
What is granulation tissue?
Immature connective tissue nad new blood vessels
41
What occurs in reepithelialisation?
epithelial cells migrate from wound bed to cover surface
42
When does the proliferative phase occur?
4-24 days
43
What causes angiogenesis?
Hypoxia | cytokines induce vascular endothelial growth factor expression
44
What does fibrin do?
Make provisional stroma/clot | then fibroblasts can develop on it
45
What does VEGF do?
Increase permeability to stimulate angiogenesis
46
What are matrix metalloproteases produced by?
Fibroblasts, macrophages, neutrophils
47
What do matrix metalloproteases do?
enzymes which aid with connective tissue (collagen fibre) remodelling They degrade collagen
48
What occurs in the remodelling phase of tissue repair?
Collagen fibres reorganise fibroblasts turn to myofibroblasts wound margin contracts
49
What are myofibroblasts?
Have the same characteristics of smooth muscle
50
What are the types of wound healing?
First/second/third intention
51
What is first intention?
Woound edges in close apposition | eg. surgical incision
52
What is a second intention?
Large tissue defect edges dont touch more scar tissue
53
What is third intention?
Drainage tube | wound kept open
54
What is proud flesh?
Excessive formation of repair component causes granulation tissue which stops epithelialisation collagen becomes fibrosis
55
What is scarring called?
Fibrosis
56
Factors favouring scarring?
``` Repeated damage large area hypoxia/no blood supply contamination movement ```
57
What do growth factors do in tissue repair?
Cause proliferation of fibroblasts and endothelial cells
58
What is diapedesis?
blood cells moving through blood vessel walls

BVSc2 AD1 (12 decks)

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