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Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

What are inclusion bodies

A

Food for bacteria

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2
Q

What is a mesosome?

A

Infolding of plasma membrane like an organelle where proteins cluster

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3
Q

What is the protoplast?

A

Plasma membrnae and cytoplasm and contents

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4
Q

What is the cholesterol equivalent in bacteria?

A

Hopanoids

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5
Q

What is a gram positive cell wall?

A

Thick layer of peptidoglycan

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6
Q

What holds together the peptidoglycan in the gram positive cell wall?

A

Teichoic acid

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7
Q

What is a gram negative cell wall?

A

Single layer of peptidoglycan
double layer of membrane - one on outside
lipopolysaccaride chains

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8
Q

What is a feature of gram negative cell wall and what does it cause?

A

Lipopolysaccaride chains
help retain water
help prevent complement system/MAC

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9
Q

Where are gram positive bacteria found?

A

On surfaces of body

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10
Q

Where are gram negative bacteria found?

A

Damp areas inside the body eg gut

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11
Q

What happens when bacteria shed lipopolysaccarides?

A

Activates immune system - fever

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12
Q

What is the slime called around bacteria?

A

Glycocalyx

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13
Q

What help attach bacteria to surfaces?

A

Fimbra

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14
Q

What is a bacteria tail called?

A

flagellum

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15
Q

What is the dormant form of bacteria called?

A

Endospores

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16
Q

What colour are gram positive bacteria?

A

Purple

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17
Q

What colour are gram negative bacteria?

A

Pink

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18
Q

Why are gram positive cells purple?

A

Because alcohol shrinks peptidoglycan so crystal violet cant get out

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19
Q

What are bacteria which die without O2 called?

A

Strictly aerobic

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20
Q

What are bacteria which need a reduced amount of O2 called?

A

Microaerophilic

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21
Q

What are bacteria which can survive with or without O2 called?

A

Facultatively anaerobic

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22
Q

What are bacteria which only thrive with no O2 called?

A

Strictly anaerobic

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23
Q

What are bad products of aerobic respiration?

A

Hydrogen peroxide

O2 radicals

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24
Q

What is used to get rid of hydrogen peroxide?

A

Catalase

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25
What is used to get rid of superoxide radicals?
Superoxide dismutase
26
What are barriers to nutrient uptake?
Outer membrane and plasma membrane
27
What are biproducts of fermentation?
Acids (lactic) CO2 H2 Alcohols
28
What are the types of media?
Enriched - non specific Selective - mimics conditions Differential - visual difference
29
What are the stages of a bacterias life?
Lag Log Stationary Death
30
What happens in the stationary phase?
Run out of the limiting factor so growth stops
31
WHat happens in the log phase?
Bacterial growth
32
WHat happens in the lag phase?
Adapts to the conditions before growth
33
What are saprophytes?
Bacteria that are free living dont infect animals opposite to pathogens
34
What is the name for bacteria that gain but cause no harm?
Commensals
35
What are facultative pathogens?
Normally harmless bacteria but have the ability of becoming pathogenic in the right conditions
36
How do bacteria evade the immune system?
Lipopolysaccarides No receptors for complement Fimbrae to hold on tight so dont get engulfed by macrophages Chemicals
37
How do bacteria enter mucous membranes?
Mucinase - digest mucous Adhesins - stick motility
38
How do bacteria enter respiratory?
Ciliostatic/ciliotoxic - destroy cilia
39
How do bacteria invade?
By endocytosis through endothelial cells | Or phagocytosis by macrophages - but arent digested
40
How do bacteria stop getting digested by lysosomes?
Escape endosome block lysosome fusion Try and survive
41
How do bacteria invade the body more deeply?
Transcytosis | Taken up by macrophages
42
What are the features of bacterial chromosomal DNA?
1 chromosome circular supercoiled
43
What are plasmids?
Extrachromosomal circular DNA
44
What kind of genes are plasmids?
Auxillary DNA - add to make bacteria more evolutionarily successful
45
What do transposons contain to allow them to work?
Inverted repeats - bind and loop into DNA | Transposase - cut themselves out of DNA once theyve replicated
46
How does genetic variation occur in bacteria?
``` Multiple genes - one product Silent genes - fool immune system Gene/promoter inversion Transposon activity - change DNA Random mutations ```
47
What are bacteriophages?
Enter bacteria, control and replicate, then cause lysis
48
What is bacterial transformation?
Take up free DNA
49
What is bacterial transduction?
Phage accidentally picks up host DNA
50
What is the most important type of bacterial DNA uptake?
Conjugation
51
What is bacterial conjugation?
Involves plasmid replication through bacteria
52
What do plasmids need to replicate?
Transfer operon
53
What are the stages of conjugation?
Male bacterium contains plasmid Makes a pilus to grab female Plasmid rolls through pilus into female
54
What is a complex ecosystem of bacteria called?
Biofilm
55
How is bacterial replication controlled by the host?
Restriction of iron Bile Lysosomes
56
Where does biofilm often grow?
Heart valves dental plaque Catheters
57
What is a problem with biofilm?
Easy to pass plasmids so antimicrobial resistance | also disinfectant resistance
58
What is the antimicrobial agents suitable for use as treatment called?
Chemotherapeutic agents (CTA)
59
What is the therapeutic dose?
Level of CTA needed for clinical treatment of an infection
60
What is the therapeutic index?
The Toxic dose / Therapeutic dose
61
What does a high index mean?
It is selectively toxic | useful
62
What does a low index mean?
Toxic to host | Has side effects
63
What does bacteriostatic CTAs mean?
Inhibit bacterial growth
64
What does bactericidal CTAs mean?
Lethal to bacteria
65
What action on bacteria do bactericidal CTAs have?
Inhibit cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis
66
What antibacterials cause inhibition of protein synthesis?
Both bactericidal and bacteriostatic
67
What drugs inhibit cell wall synthesis?
Cycloserine glycopeptides beta-lactams
68
What drugs inhibit protein synthesis?
Aminoglycosides tetracyclines clindamycin
69
What drugs inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?
quinolones

BVSc2 AD1 (12 decks)

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