Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clin Med I-II > pathologies related to ankle - exam 3 > Flashcards

pathologies related to ankle - exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is diabetes?

A

chronic systemic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and abnormal metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is type I diabetes
- auto-immunity affecting the ______ that produces ______
- deficiency of ______

A

auto-immunity affecting the pancreas that produces insulin
deficiency of insulin production and secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is type II diabetes
- excessive dietary _______ and ____ limits effect of insulin
- may be influenced by _______

A
  • sugar and other simple carbs
  • auto-immunity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does insulin do?

A

released from the pancreas
lowers blood sugar
stores fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

incidence/prevalence of diabetes
- _______ of americans are pre-diabetic
- ______ americans have diabetes
- most common _______ disorder
- type _____ more common

A

1/3
1/10
endocrine/metabolic
II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Type I diabetes risk factor

A

presence of type I diabetes in first-degree relative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

type II diabetes risk factors

A

family hx
ethnic origin
obesity
increasing age
physical inactivity
HTN
smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

other contributers to diabetes

A

SAD
>/= 2 hours of screen time/day as part of sedentary lifestyle
daily carbonated beverage
fast food > 2x/week
unmanaged stress and lack of regular sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

pathogenesis of type I diabetes

A

inability to produce and secrete adequate insulin to use glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

pathogenesis of type II diabetes
- inadequate response of __
- increases:
- as cycle continues,
- _____ production stops

A

inadequate response of insulin receptors to insulin
increase: sugars, insulin, fat storage/inflammation
as the cycle continues, you limit the effect of insulin so body makes more insulin
insulin production stops –> obesity/diabetes develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cardinal S&S of both types of diabetes

A

frequent urination (polyuria)
dry mouth
extreme thirst (polydipsia)
decreased skin turgor
blurry vision due to sugar damaging vessels
weakness/fatigue
excessive hunger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the sensory neuropathies that diabetes can progress to

A
  1. non-segmental paresthesia and hyposensitivity or numbness of involved peripheral n.
  2. joint destruction because repeated microtrauma is not felt (charcot foot)
  3. less aware of a heart attack they are already more prone to
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the motor neuropathy diabetes can progress to?

A

weakness of mm. innervated by the involved peripheral n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the autonomic neuropathies diabetes can progress to

A

affects function of multiple systems, particularly cardiovascular system
- diminished pulses
- necrosis
- poor healing
- stroke
- cardiac dz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

other severe complications that could come from diabetes are:
- leading cause of ____ and _____
- _____ dysfunction leading to _______ (aka type III diabetes)

A
  • kidney dz and blindness
  • cognitive; Alzheimer’s
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

auto-immunity occurs with type _____
metabolic acidosis may occur with type _____

A

1
1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

signs of diabetes:
- observation

A

charcot foot
dry mouth
cognitive decline
fruity and long deep breaths with TYPE I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

signs of diabetes:
- scan & biomechanical exam
- neuro
- palpation

A
  • age related joint change in 1/2 diabetics
  • diminished sensation - peripheral n. pattern. assess 2 pt discrimination and monofilament sensation
    (+) dural mobility
    weaknesses of peripheral n
    myotomes WNL (not affecting spinal n.)
  • palpation of diminished pulses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

referral for diabetes

A

urgent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

with diabetes, due to persistent inflammation and impaired circulation we see a higher prevalence of:

A

carpal tunnel syndrome
Dupuytren’s contracture
trigger finger
adhesive capsulitis
HIGHEST: DISH

21
Q

due to increase in osteoclastic activity with diabetes, _____ develops in first 5 years of dx

A

osteoporosis

22
Q

which type of diabetes can be controlled and reversed with proper diet, exercise, and/or medications

A

type II

23
Q

parameters for exercise with diabetes

A

check with MD initally
no restrictions if glucose levels monitored and managed well
3 10 minute bouts better than 1 30 minute bout (can regulate sugar more frequently)

24
Q

how long should a pt with diabetes wait to exercise after a meal

A

1-2 hours so you don’t decrease sugar levels too quickly

25
Q

diabetes and exercise:
- may need to _______ insulin prior to exercise
- may need _______ carbs after exercise

A
  • decrease
  • extra
26
Q

what should you educate a patient with diabetes on?

A

wear accommodating shoes and socks
examine feet regularly for skin breakdown
avoid alcohol and cortisone shots, high sugars in both

27
Q

> ___/5 of these indicate metabolic syndrome.

diabetes, HTN, high triglycerides, low HDL and being overweight

A

2

28
Q

what is gout

A

metabolic disorder with elevated levels of uric acid and deposition of urate crystals

29
Q

_____ is most common site for gout
gout is the most common ________ in US
gout primarily in __________ (age & gender)

A

1st MTP
crystallopathy
middle-aged males

30
Q

risk factors of gout

A

family hx
decreased renal function
conditions increasing uric acid production
conditions limiting excretion of uric acid
high fructose of SAD
high nitrogen in organ meats, trout, shellfish, sardines

31
Q

primary cause of gout
secondary cause of gout

A
  • genetic
  • another disorder
    idiopathic
32
Q

pathogenesis of gout:
- uric acid forms from breaking down ______
- kidneys unable to process _______ amount of uric acid
- so _______ uric acid remains in circulation
- sparks an inflammatory response leading to ________(2)

A
  • cellular waste in bloodstream
  • higher
  • MORE
  • necrosis of original tissue and proliferation of fibrous secondary tissue
33
Q

how long until symptoms of gout usually develop?

A

~10-20 years of hyperuricemia

34
Q

S&S of gout

A

monoarticular (one joint)
sudden onset of severe joint pain, often at night or morning
episodic with increasing frequency and severity
may develop cellulitis or infection
may have constitutional symptoms

35
Q

PT implications on gout

A

education on causes and risk factors
patients often develop subsequent orthopedic conditions in and around gouty area

36
Q

signs of gout:
- observation
- scan and biomechanical findings

A
  • redness, swelling, warmth, possible fever
  • like age related joint changes
37
Q

referral for gout

A

urgent

38
Q

what is osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of bone due to microorganism
destructive infection

39
Q

prevalence of osteomyelitis
- uncommon in ____
- most common in _____ and _____ bones followed by tibia and femur
- may occur in ____

A
  • wealthier countries
  • tarsal and metatarsal bones
  • vertebra
40
Q

risk factors of osteomyelitis

A

immunosuppression
chronic illness like diabetes
IV drug use
joint replacement

41
Q

pathogenesis of osteomyelitis

A

poorly understood
microorganisms, staph
preferentially binds to cartilage
metaphysis of bone is very porous –> spreads quickly

42
Q

S&S of osteomyelitis

A

gradual onset of deep and achy P!/stiffness
infection S&S
localaized and progressive P! that limits motion and WBing
may develop constitutional symptoms

43
Q

signs of osteomyelitis
- observation
- scan and biomechanical findings

A
  • asymmetrical gait, red and swollen, warmth, possibly fever
  • like age related joint changes
44
Q

referral for osteomyelitis

A

urgent

45
Q

where is osteochondritis dissecans most common?

A

medial femoral condyle and talus

46
Q

S&S of osteochondritis dissecans in ankle

A

S&S of hypermobility/instability of involved ligament but with persistent age related joint like changes

47
Q

scan findings of osteochondritis dissecans
- ROM
- resisted
- stress tests

A
  • limited and painful, particularly with DF
  • weak and painful, part. end range DF
  • compression likely (+)
48
Q

biomechanical exam findings of osteochondritis dissecans
- stability tests
- palpation

A
  • (+)
  • TTP over talar dome
49
Q

referral for osteochondritis dissecans

A

urgent

Clin Med I-II (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions