EXAM #2 Pathology Related to the Immune System - Hypersensitivity Disorder Flashcards
What are the 3 broad groups cells belong to?
Innate, Adaptive, and Macrophages
Describe innate cells:
-non-specific from birth
-Monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, natural killer cells
Describe adaptive cells: (4)
-acquired when?
-job?
-Acquired following exposure
-Remember foreign invaders
-B and T cells or lymphocytes
-How MOST vaccines work
What cells are BOTH innate and adaptive?
macrophages and dendritic cells
Stem cells occur in ________ and _______ to generate _________
bone marrow and blood; immune
Predominately leukocyte or WBC
1st cells to arrive
Neutrophils
-Ingest and kill pathogens/debris
-Short-lived….. form pus along bacteria
-A decrease is the PRINCIPLE cause of susceptibility to infection
Phagocytosis
-Long-lived
___________mature into _____________
-Filter pus/bacteria from nerophils and kill larger pathogens
Monocytes and Macrophages
What are the following cells to participate after monocytes and macrophages to handle larger cells?
Eosinophils
What do the Esoinphils cells release?
Histamines
-vasodilator to improve circulation of needed cells to the target site; reddening influence.
Histamine (realsed by eosinophils , basophils, and mast cells)
-produce antibodies in reaction to antigens or foreign substance
B lymphoctyes
-stimulate B lymphocytes that directly kill infected host
T lymohocytes
Present antigen to T lymphocytes:
-ingest/digest
-develop an antigen on themselves
-T lymphocytes respond accordingly by attacking antigen
What is the function of natural killer cells?
directly kill cells infected with pathogens
Are large lymphocytes; distinct from B and T cells?
Yes.
NK cells also activate ___________
macrophages
What cell does this describe and what line of defense is it a part of?
-natural and preventative
-capable of resolving MOST threats
-pattern recognition of some pathogens
-Limited specific so may not remember all future invaders
Innate; first line of defense
What are the external defenses of innate cells: (9)
skin, mucus, peristalsis, coughing, sneezing, stomach acid, ear wax, tears, salvia
What are the internal defenses of innate cells:
-innate cells and components from birth
-soluble facts that modify cell behavior and enhance the inflammatory response
The Second Line of Defense or can also be known as the _________________
Inflammatory reponse
There are characteristics of what type of response:
-activated at the time of injury or exposure
-series of vascular and cellular activities
-possibly start a fever
-natural killer cells released
Vascular Response
The ________ ________ systems clots to controls bleeding
plasma protein
What part of the Plasma Protein System
-produces bradykinin for vasodialtion and vascular permeability and vascular permeability?
Kinin
What part of the Plasma Protein System
-activates fibrinolytic system producing plasmin to lyse clots
Kinin
What part of the Plasma Protien System
-makes debris/pathogen vulerable to phagocytosis
Kinin
The Third Line of Defense or can also be known as the ________________
The specific immune system
Adaptive immunity is a part of the first line of defense. T or F
False; adaptive immunity is a part of the third line of defense
-acquired and relative
-characterized by specificity and memory of a pathogen, B and T cells
-days to weeks for a full response
-develops throughout life
-responds more efficiently on subsequent exposures
Adaptive immunity:
What are the 3 phases of adaptive immunity response?
active, passive, and cell-mediated immunity
________ immunity -concept of MOST vaccinations using a harmless virus to produce a secondary immune response with antibodies and memory cells
Active
________ immunity - passing of antibodies through birth/breast feeding but is ONLY temporary due to lack 0f memory cells
Passive
_______ immunity - not involving antibodies but instead cells like WBCs and B and T cells that can kill antigens
Cell-mediated
What is the primary function of the immune system:
-eliminate debris/infections without attacking the body’s tissues
-multi-faceted protection from a wide array of threats
List the 5 phases of the immune response:
recognition, amplification, effector, termination, memory
What phase of the immune system is pathogen marking:
reconightion phase
What phase of the immune system produces an army of cells
amplification phase
What phase of the immune system is antigen removal
effector phase
What phase of the immune system:
-pulls off troops of the immune responses as a pathogen is cleared
-important to avoid/minimize prolonged/excessive immune response
termination phase
What phase of the immune system is a generation of long lived B and T lymphocytes that involves both innate and adaptive immune responses
memory phase
What are the factors that negatively affect immunity:
aging, hormonal imbalances, environment pollution, trauma or illness, inadequate sleep, lack of exercise, and stress
ALL categories of immune cells are in the ________
gut
70-80% of the body’s immune cells are in the gut. True or False?
True
Good bacteria and immune response diminished by:
-Standard American Diet (SAD)
-Medications: analgesics, anti-histamines, and particularly antibiotics, etc.
-Infections
Immune system is enhanced or suppressed during _______ depending on ________
exercise; intensity
Overtraining without adequate recovery can impair immunity. T or F?
True
What are the ONLY other conclusive factors to help with recovery and performance? (3)
Load management, proper diet, and adequate sleep
The immune response is absent or depressed due to
primary and secondary immunodeficiency
What is primary immunodeficiency:
genetic DEFECT involving T cells, B cells, or lymphoid tissues
What is secondary immunodeficiency:
UNDERLYING DISEASE OR FACTOR that depresses or blocks the immune repsonse
Which of the following is the MOST common primary or secondary immunodeficiency:
Secondary
What is the greatest impact in the US w/ male to male sex and IV drug use:
HIV/AIDS
HIV ________ T lymphocytes along with other immunity cells
depelets
HIV has a low mutation rate. T or F?
False; high
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) S&S:
-Constitutional S&S
-NeuroMSK condition
-Distal peripheral neuropathy
-Balance and gait deficits
-Myalgia (muscle P!) and arthralgia (joint P!)
-Integumentary breakdown
*cardiopulm conditions lead to morbidity and mortality
- central fat accumulation in the neck and trunk but decreased extremities
Lipodystrophic syndrome
Exercise is unrestricted with usual benefits for initial asymptomatic or symptomatic HIV?
asymptomatic
Exercise is limited with _________ and advanced HIV and ________ beneficial
symptomatic; less
Unexplained fatigue of >4 months that significantly limits ADLS ________ syndrome.
Chronic Fatigue
Chronic Fatigue syndrome is most common in ___________ with lower ________________
minority females; socioecomomic status
________ syndrome S&S:
-overwhelming fatigue
-Muscle P! and weakness
-forgetfulness
-hypotension worsens through the day
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
What are PT implications for Chronic Fatigue Disorder:
lifestyle management for stress, sleep, diet, actively levels
-gentle, graded exercise but gauge physiological distress by vital sign monitoring to mitigate fatigue.
Do hypersensitivity disorders have a response in 1st exposure or 2nd exposure? Why?
-response occurs on 2nd exposure due to antigens formed from 1st exposure
A seasonal or food allergy; bee sting
-a possible anaphylactic or severe, potentially life-threatening response that requires immediate action associated with bronchoconstriction
Type I (immediate type) Hypersensitivity
Type II Hypersensitivity is an auto-immune condition? T or F
True
What hypersensitivity is described below:
-due to antibody binding to antigens and then released in circulation to reach the tissue
-systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) attacks immune tissue throughout the body
-Tissue but NOT organ specific so potentially wider effects
Type III (immune complex-mediated)
How many types of hypersensitivity are there?
I-IV
Which is the ONLY type of hypersensitivity that does NOT involve antibodies?
Why?
Type IV (cell-mediated immunity); T lymphocytes are present and kill target cells it does not recognize
What are some examples of Type IV Hypersensitivity:
-Graft rejection
-Contact allergen i.e., latex, lotion, etc.
-RA, Sclerosis, Diabetes
___________ diseases -body fails to distinguish self from non-self
autoimmune
