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clin med i-ii > EXAM #2 Pathology Related to the Immune System - Hypersensitivity Disorder > Flashcards

EXAM #2 Pathology Related to the Immune System - Hypersensitivity Disorder Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 broad groups cells belong to?

A

Innate, Adaptive, and Macrophages

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2
Q

Describe innate cells:

A

-non-specific from birth
-Monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, natural killer cells

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3
Q

Describe adaptive cells: (4)
-acquired when?
-job?

A

-Acquired following exposure
-Remember foreign invaders
-B and T cells or lymphocytes
-How MOST vaccines work

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4
Q

What cells are BOTH innate and adaptive?

A

macrophages and dendritic cells

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5
Q

Stem cells occur in ________ and _______ to generate _________

A

bone marrow and blood; immune

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6
Q

Predominately leukocyte or WBC
1st cells to arrive

A

Neutrophils

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7
Q

-Ingest and kill pathogens/debris
-Short-lived….. form pus along bacteria
-A decrease is the PRINCIPLE cause of susceptibility to infection

A

Phagocytosis

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8
Q

-Long-lived
___________mature into _____________
-Filter pus/bacteria from nerophils and kill larger pathogens

A

Monocytes and Macrophages

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9
Q

What are the following cells to participate after monocytes and macrophages to handle larger cells?

A

Eosinophils

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10
Q

What do the Esoinphils cells release?

A

Histamines

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11
Q

-vasodilator to improve circulation of needed cells to the target site; reddening influence.

A

Histamine (realsed by eosinophils , basophils, and mast cells)

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12
Q

-produce antibodies in reaction to antigens or foreign substance

A

B lymphoctyes

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13
Q

-stimulate B lymphocytes that directly kill infected host

A

T lymohocytes

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14
Q

Present antigen to T lymphocytes:

A

-ingest/digest
-develop an antigen on themselves
-T lymphocytes respond accordingly by attacking antigen

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15
Q

What is the function of natural killer cells?

A

directly kill cells infected with pathogens

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16
Q

Are large lymphocytes; distinct from B and T cells?

A

Yes.

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17
Q

NK cells also activate ___________

A

macrophages

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18
Q

What cell does this describe and what line of defense is it a part of?

-natural and preventative
-capable of resolving MOST threats
-pattern recognition of some pathogens
-Limited specific so may not remember all future invaders

A

Innate; first line of defense

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19
Q

What are the external defenses of innate cells: (9)

A

skin, mucus, peristalsis, coughing, sneezing, stomach acid, ear wax, tears, salvia

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20
Q

What are the internal defenses of innate cells:

A

-innate cells and components from birth
-soluble facts that modify cell behavior and enhance the inflammatory response

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21
Q

The Second Line of Defense or can also be known as the _________________

A

Inflammatory reponse

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22
Q

There are characteristics of what type of response:

-activated at the time of injury or exposure
-series of vascular and cellular activities
-possibly start a fever
-natural killer cells released

A

Vascular Response

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23
Q

The ________ ________ systems clots to controls bleeding

A

plasma protein

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24
Q

What part of the Plasma Protein System
-produces bradykinin for vasodialtion and vascular permeability and vascular permeability?

A

Kinin

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25
Q

What part of the Plasma Protein System
-activates fibrinolytic system producing plasmin to lyse clots

A

Kinin

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26
Q

What part of the Plasma Protien System
-makes debris/pathogen vulerable to phagocytosis

A

Kinin

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27
Q

The Third Line of Defense or can also be known as the ________________

A

The specific immune system

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28
Q

Adaptive immunity is a part of the first line of defense. T or F

A

False; adaptive immunity is a part of the third line of defense

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29
Q

-acquired and relative
-characterized by specificity and memory of a pathogen, B and T cells
-days to weeks for a full response
-develops throughout life
-responds more efficiently on subsequent exposures

A

Adaptive immunity:

30
Q

What are the 3 phases of adaptive immunity response?

A

active, passive, and cell-mediated immunity

31
Q

________ immunity -concept of MOST vaccinations using a harmless virus to produce a secondary immune response with antibodies and memory cells

A

Active

32
Q

________ immunity - passing of antibodies through birth/breast feeding but is ONLY temporary due to lack 0f memory cells

A

Passive

33
Q

_______ immunity - not involving antibodies but instead cells like WBCs and B and T cells that can kill antigens

A

Cell-mediated

34
Q

What is the primary function of the immune system:

A

-eliminate debris/infections without attacking the body’s tissues
-multi-faceted protection from a wide array of threats

35
Q

List the 5 phases of the immune response:

A

recognition, amplification, effector, termination, memory

36
Q

What phase of the immune system is pathogen marking:

A

reconightion phase

37
Q

What phase of the immune system produces an army of cells

A

amplification phase

38
Q

What phase of the immune system is antigen removal

A

effector phase

39
Q

What phase of the immune system:
-pulls off troops of the immune responses as a pathogen is cleared
-important to avoid/minimize prolonged/excessive immune response

A

termination phase

40
Q

What phase of the immune system is a generation of long lived B and T lymphocytes that involves both innate and adaptive immune responses

A

memory phase

41
Q

What are the factors that negatively affect immunity:

A

aging, hormonal imbalances, environment pollution, trauma or illness, inadequate sleep, lack of exercise, and stress

42
Q

ALL categories of immune cells are in the ________

A

gut

43
Q

70-80% of the body’s immune cells are in the gut. True or False?

A

True

44
Q

Good bacteria and immune response diminished by:

A

-Standard American Diet (SAD)
-Medications: analgesics, anti-histamines, and particularly antibiotics, etc.
-Infections

45
Q

Immune system is enhanced or suppressed during _______ depending on ________

A

exercise; intensity

46
Q

Overtraining without adequate recovery can impair immunity. T or F?

A

True

47
Q

What are the ONLY other conclusive factors to help with recovery and performance? (3)

A

Load management, proper diet, and adequate sleep

48
Q

The immune response is absent or depressed due to

A

primary and secondary immunodeficiency

49
Q

What is primary immunodeficiency:

A

genetic DEFECT involving T cells, B cells, or lymphoid tissues

50
Q

What is secondary immunodeficiency:

A

UNDERLYING DISEASE OR FACTOR that depresses or blocks the immune repsonse

51
Q

Which of the following is the MOST common primary or secondary immunodeficiency:

A

Secondary

52
Q

What is the greatest impact in the US w/ male to male sex and IV drug use:

A

HIV/AIDS

53
Q

HIV ________ T lymphocytes along with other immunity cells

A

depelets

54
Q

HIV has a low mutation rate. T or F?

A

False; high

55
Q

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) S&S:

A

-Constitutional S&S
-NeuroMSK condition
-Distal peripheral neuropathy
-Balance and gait deficits
-Myalgia (muscle P!) and arthralgia (joint P!)
-Integumentary breakdown
*cardiopulm conditions lead to morbidity and mortality

56
Q
  • central fat accumulation in the neck and trunk but decreased extremities
A

Lipodystrophic syndrome

57
Q

Exercise is unrestricted with usual benefits for initial asymptomatic or symptomatic HIV?

A

asymptomatic

58
Q

Exercise is limited with _________ and advanced HIV and ________ beneficial

A

symptomatic; less

59
Q

Unexplained fatigue of >4 months that significantly limits ADLS ________ syndrome.

A

Chronic Fatigue

60
Q

Chronic Fatigue syndrome is most common in ___________ with lower ________________

A

minority females; socioecomomic status

61
Q

________ syndrome S&S:
-overwhelming fatigue
-Muscle P! and weakness
-forgetfulness
-hypotension worsens through the day

A

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

62
Q

What are PT implications for Chronic Fatigue Disorder:

A

lifestyle management for stress, sleep, diet, actively levels
-gentle, graded exercise but gauge physiological distress by vital sign monitoring to mitigate fatigue.

63
Q

Do hypersensitivity disorders have a response in 1st exposure or 2nd exposure? Why?

A

-response occurs on 2nd exposure due to antigens formed from 1st exposure

64
Q

A seasonal or food allergy; bee sting
-a possible anaphylactic or severe, potentially life-threatening response that requires immediate action associated with bronchoconstriction

A

Type I (immediate type) Hypersensitivity

65
Q

Type II Hypersensitivity is an auto-immune condition? T or F

A

True

66
Q

What hypersensitivity is described below:
-due to antibody binding to antigens and then released in circulation to reach the tissue
-systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) attacks immune tissue throughout the body
-Tissue but NOT organ specific so potentially wider effects

A

Type III (immune complex-mediated)

67
Q

How many types of hypersensitivity are there?

A

I-IV

68
Q

Which is the ONLY type of hypersensitivity that does NOT involve antibodies?
Why?

A

Type IV (cell-mediated immunity); T lymphocytes are present and kill target cells it does not recognize

69
Q

What are some examples of Type IV Hypersensitivity:

A

-Graft rejection
-Contact allergen i.e., latex, lotion, etc.
-RA, Sclerosis, Diabetes

70
Q

___________ diseases -body fails to distinguish self from non-self

A

autoimmune

clin med i-ii (21 decks)

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