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Unit 1 syence > Pathogens Infection and Effects > Flashcards

Pathogens Infection and Effects Flashcards

1
Q

Define bacteria

A

Single celled organisms without a nucleus

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2
Q

define virus.

A

Thread like particles that reproduce by taking over living cells

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3
Q

Define fungi.

A

Fungi are organisms that can grow in or on the body, causing infections of internal organs or of the skin, nails, and hair.
There are 2 categories – Superficial and Systemic

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4
Q

Define protazoa.

A

Single celled organism with a nucleus.

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5
Q

How do viruses work?/make us I’ll?

A

Viruses make us ill by infecting cells in our body.
They hijack these cells’ machinery so that the cell makes lots of new viruses.
These new viruses then spread throughout our body and infect more cells to create more new viruses and so on.
Because the cell is busy making new viruses it cannot perform its normal function in our body.
This is why we feel ill. (Often a cell that is infected by a virus will eventually die.)

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6
Q

For how long do viruses affect us?

A

In most types of viral infection, the immune system clears the virus from the body within days to a few weeks.
But some viruses cause persistent or latent infections, which can last for years.
In these cases, a person may get infected and seem to recover or may not be aware of being infected at all.

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7
Q

Whats HIV?

A

HIV is a retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) – a deterioration of the immune system.

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8
Q

Treatment for HIV?

A

There is currently no cure for infection with HIV; however, antiretroviral drugs have been developed to help delay the onset of AIDS.

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9
Q

How do Antiretroviral drugs work?

A

They are designed to reduce the production of HIV by targeting different stages of its lifecycle.
HIV can develop resistance to these drugs so they are often taken in combination.

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10
Q

How might bacteria be treated?

A

Most bacterial infections can be cured by antibiotic drugs
These drugs either kill the bacteria by disrupting some form of structure (cell membrane) or a metabolic process like prevent them from reproducing.

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11
Q

What was the first antibiotic?

A

Penicillin.

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12
Q

Whats Tuberculosis?

A

Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by the airborne bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is a widespread disease that affects the respiratory system.

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13
Q

How can tuberculosis be treated?

A

TB can be treated using a course of antibiotics; however, antibiotic resistance strains of TB have emerged.

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14
Q

How would TB be controlled in the body?

A

When a person becomes infected with TB, an immune response is produced.
White blood cells called macrophages engulf the bacteria by phagocytosis, controlling the infection.
A tissue mass called a tubercle forms around the infected site, and after 3–8 weeks the infected region heals.
However, the bacteria can survive inside macrophages for years until the immune system becomes weak.

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15
Q

When might active TB occur?

A

If the patient’s immune system is unable to contain the infection.
This means bacteria will multiply rapidly, destroying the lung tissue, which can be fatal.

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16
Q

Symptoms of active TB?

A

coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, loss of appetite, weight loss, fever, night sweats and extreme fatigue.

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17
Q

Why might Fever and night sweats occur with active TB?

A

due to neutrophils and macrophages releasing fever-causing substances, as part of the inflammatory response

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18
Q

How do different protozoa spread and what do they cause?

A

Protozoa that spread through unclean food or water usually affect the digestive system by living and multiplying in the intestines.
Protozoa that are transmitted through an insect bite usually cause a fever and inflammation among other physical problems.

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19
Q

Symptoms of toxoplasmosis?

A

body aches, fatigue, fever, sore throat and swollen lymph nodes.
Symptoms are very similar to flu like symptoms and this disease can sometimes be mistaken for the flu.

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20
Q

Whos at risk of symptoms of toxoplasmosis?

A

Many of the people infected by this disease do not have any symptoms.
However, for those who have weak immune systems such as infants and people suffering from chronic illnesses, this parasite can cause serious illness.
Infants who are born to mothers who carry the infection can experience complications at birth.

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21
Q

What is Toxoplasmosis caused by?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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22
Q

What parasite causes Leishmaniasis?

A

Caused by the Leishmania parasite

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23
Q

Where are Leishmania parasites found?

A

mainly in southern Europe, the tropics and subtropics.

24
Q

How does Leishmania parasite spread?

A

Disease is spread through the bite of a sand fly, which carries the parasite.

25
Q

Symptoms of Leishmaniasis?

A

External leishmaniasis will affect the skin and internal leishmaniasis affects the inner organs such as the spleen and liver.
Those parasites that affect the skin cause sores, which will enlarge and become deeper as the disease progresses without treatment. Internal infection will cause weight loss, organ enlargement, fever and extremely high or low blood levels.

26
Q

Whats malaria?

A

Malaria is a very common disease in some countries and is spread through mosquito bites of mosquitoes that have been infected by one of the many different malaria-causing parasites.

27
Q

Symptoms of malaria?

A

Malaria symptoms include headache, chills, tremors, aches, shaking, fatigue, fever
It can be fatal.

28
Q

What are Superficial fungal infections ?

A

fungi that attack tissues on the surface of the body, which include the skin, nails, or hair.

29
Q

Examples of Superficial fungal infections ?

A

ringworm, athlete’s foot, jock itch, and yeast infections.

30
Q

Where are candida yeast infections found?

A

usually found on the skin, in the mouth, in the vagina, on the head of the penis, or around the nails.

31
Q

How do Superficial fungal infections spread?

A

pass from person to person through direct contact or, less commonly, through clothes or contact with surfaces of other objects in the environment.

32
Q

How contagious are Superficial fungal infections ?

A

Somewhat contagious

33
Q

How are Superficial fungal infections treated?

A

easily cleared up with anti-fungal treatments

34
Q

What are systemic fungi?

A

fungi which are present in the body, kept under control by the body’s immune system.

35
Q

What are opportunistic infections?

A

when the fungi can grow out of control and cause illnesses if you have an abnormally weak immune system.

36
Q

Whos at risk of opportunistic infection?

A

People with AIDS; leukaemia and lymphoma are at risk for opportunistic fungal infections because their immune systems have been weakened

37
Q

What are the three characteristics of worms?

A

Tapeworms (flat worms)
Roundworms (Threadworms/Pinworms)
Flukes (blood flukes)

38
Q

What do flatworms feed on?

A

Flatworms feed on the blood, tissue fluids, or pieces of cells inside the bodies of their hosts.

39
Q

Where do flatworms live?

A

Flatworms live on the skin, mouth, gills or other outside parts of a host, or they can live internally and infect the blood and organs.

40
Q

Where do tapeworms live?

A

in human intestines where they feed on the partially-digested food. It is a fully protected environment and they grow and thrive in these conditions.

41
Q

Tapeworm symptoms and effects?

A

Eggs from the tapeworm or segments of it in stools. The segments will contain tapeworm eggs.
Abdominal pain.
Vomiting
Nausea
General weakness
Diarrhoea
Weight loss
Altered appetite - sometimes there may be a loss of appetite. Hosts with the pork tapeworm may experience a rise in appetite.
Sleeping difficulties
Dizziness
Convulsions
~~~

42
Q

Whats the structure of roundworms?

A

Roundworms have hollow bodies and openings at either end and generally grow between 2-5 inches long.

43
Q

How are roundworms spread?

A

Eating contaminated foods or getting worms from contaminated pets

44
Q

Whats the most common type of roundworm found in humans?

A

Hookworms and pinworms

45
Q

Where do roundworms live?

A

Roundworms live in salt water, fresh water and the soil.

46
Q

What are the Roundworm symptoms and effects?

A 
4 – 16 DAYS AFTER INGESTING EGGS
a fever of 38C or above 
a dry cough 
shortness of breath  
wheezing 
6 WEEKS LATER
passing a worm in your faeces 
mild stomach (abdominal) pain 
nausea and vomiting 
diarrhoea (you may also notice blood in your stools)
47
Q

Whats a fluke?

A

Flukes are a type of parasitic Flatworm. Flukes have at least one external sucker, which they use to attach themselves to their host.
They cause the disease Schistosomiasis

48
Q

Where do blood flukes live?

A

Blood flukes that live in humans, live internally in their hosts.

49
Q

In which countries are blood flukes normally found?

A

Blood flukes are largely confined to very hot tropical areas such as North Africa and South East Asia and contribute to some extreme health conditions.

50
Q

What are Fluke symptoms and effects?

A 
INTESTINAL
Stomach pain
Diarrhoea 
Bloating
Blood in stool
Enlarged liver and spleen
UROGENITAL
Haematuria (urinating blood)
Infertility
Bladder cancer
Vaginal bleeding
Pathology of seminal ducts and prostate
51
Q

What is a prion?

A

A prion is composed of an abnormally folded protein that causes progressive neurodegenerative conditions

52
Q

How does a prion work?

A

They DO NOT multiply in the host organism that they infect. Instead, they affect the brain structure, inducing proteins with normal folding to convert to the abnormal prion form.
Brain shrinks

53
Q

What are some diseases caused by prions?

A

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or mad cow disease) seen in cattle and livestock
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) seen in humans.
Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI) inherited disease of humans

54
Q

How to calculate magnification?

A

magnification = Image size/real size

55
Q

What does neutralise mean?

A

To prevent something from becoming dangerous such as neutralising acid to make it water and not dangerous.

56
Q

What does lysis mean?

A

When the cell wall bursts

Unit 1 syence (23 decks)

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