Pathogenicity Flashcards

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1
Q

Pathogenicity

A

ability to cause disease

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2
Q

virulence

A

the degree of pathogenicity

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3
Q

steps microbe must take to cause disease/infection

A
  1. enter organism
  2. adhere to tissues
    3.penetrate the tissues
  3. damage cells to establish disease
    (evade immune system)
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4
Q

Portals of entry

A

mucous membrane, skin, parental route (cuts),

-don’t necessarily cause disease at this point

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5
Q

ID50

A

infectious dose for 50% of sample population

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6
Q

LD50

A

lethal dose for 50% of population

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7
Q

Adherence

A

adhesins/ligands bind to receptors on host cells

  • adhesins on glycocalyx, fimbriae, pili, flagella
  • adhesions are typically glycoproteins or lipoproteins
  • receptors are usually sugar detectors
  • biofilms
  • glycocalyx capsules
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8
Q

antigenic variateion

A

pathogens alter their surface antigens

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9
Q

glycocalyx

A

prevents phagocytosis
helps with adherence
can be antigenic

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10
Q

invasins

A
  • surface proteins produced by bacteria that rearrange actin filaments of cytoskeleton, causing membrane ruffling in host cells
  • some use actin to propel themselves
  • some can survive inside phagocytosis or escape before lysosomal fusion or prevent lysosomal fusion
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11
Q

virulence factors

A

molecules produced by bacteria

-coagulases, kinases, hyaluronidase, collagenase, IgA proteases

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12
Q

coagulases

A

coagulate fibrinogen

-clotted blood protects bacteria from phagocytosis

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13
Q

kinases

A

digest fibrin clots to sneak into cells

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14
Q

hyaluronidase

A

digest polysacchrides that hold cell together

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15
Q

collagenase

A

breaks down collagen

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16
Q

IgA proteases

A

destroy IgA antibodies

17
Q

four methods to damage cell

A
  1. use host nutrients
    - 2. direct damage in immediate area
  2. toxin production that’re transported to damage far sites
  3. hypersensitivity reactions (allergic reactions)
18
Q

using host’s nutrients

A

siderophores = proteins secreted by pathogens that bind iron better than host cells

19
Q

direct damage

A

disrupts host cell’s function
produces waste products
multiplies in host cells and cause ruptures

20
Q

toxins

A

poisonous substances produced by microbes –> fever, heart problems, diarrhea and shock

21
Q

toxigenicity

A

ability of microbe to produce a toxin

22
Q

intoxication

A

presence of toxin without microbial growth (e.g. food poisoning)

23
Q

toxemia

A

presence of toxins in blood

24
Q

exotoxin

A

proteins produced inside cell and secreted out

  • reusable, so a little goes a long way
  • may act at far site
  • antigenic
  • very specific
  • destroy host cells or stop host’s functions
25
Q

antitoxin

A

antibodies against specific exotoxins (usually injected)

26
Q

toxoids

A

inactivated exotoxins used in vaccines

27
Q

AB exotoxin

A

contains enzyme component (A) and binding component (B)
-Diptheria toxin and typhoid toxin
B binds to host cell and causes endocytosis
-A exits endosome and does damage while B leaves cell

28
Q

superantigens

A

cause intense immune response due to release of cytokines from host cells (T cells)
-nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, shock, death

29
Q

genotoxins

A

damage DNA, causing mutations, disrupting cell division, leading to cancer

30
Q

Endotoxins

A

Part of the cell, not a metabolic product
-Lipid A portion of LPS in G- bacteria
-released during bacterial multipulcation or death
-stimulate macrophages to release cytokines in high concentrations
-make hypothalamus produce prostaglandins to increase body temp
-

31
Q

Endotoxins and septic shock

A
  • shock = life threatening decrease in blood pressure
  • caused by cytokines
  • damages capillaries
32
Q

portals of exit

A

respiratory tract - coughing and sneezing
gastrointestinal tract - feces and saliva
genitourinary tract - urin and genital secretions
skin
blood - arthropods that bite + needles
saliva