Disease and Epidemiology

Question 1

Pathology

Answer 1

the study of disease

Question 2

etiology

Answer 2

cause of disease

Question 3

pathogenesis

Answer 3

development of disease

Question 4

infection

Answer 4

invasion/colonization of body by pathogen

Question 5

disease

Answer 5

abnormal state where body isn’t performing normal functions

Question 6

koch’s postulates

Answer 6

• same pathogen presented in every case of disease
• pathogen is isolated from host and grown in pure culture
• grown pathogen causes disease when injected into animal
• pathogen is isolated from innoculated animal and shown to be the same as the original

Question 7

Exceptions to koch’s postulates

Answer 7

• some pathogens cause several diseases
• some diseases are caused by several pathogens
• some pathogens only cause disease in people
• some microbes have never been cultured (syphilis only lives in the body)

Question 8

symptoms

Answer 8

changes in body function that are felt by patioen as result of disease

Question 9

signs

Answer 9

measurable changes in the body as result of disease

Question 10

syndrome

Answer 10

specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

Question 11

infectious

Answer 11

can grow in a host and cause disease

Question 12

contagious

Answer 12

easily/rapidly spread from 1 host to another

Question 13

noncommunicable

Answer 13

not spread from 1 host to another

Question 14

incidence

Answer 14

number of people who develop a disease during a time frame

Question 15

prevalence

Answer 15

number of people who have a disease during a time frame (new and old cases)

Question 16

sporadic disease

Answer 16

disease that occurs only occassionally

Question 17

endemic disease

Answer 17

disease that’s always present in a population

Question 18

epidemic disease

Answer 18

aquired by many people in short time

Question 19

pandemic

Answer 19

worldwide epidemic

Question 20

acute disease

Answer 20

symptoms develop rapidly but disease lasts short time

Question 21

chronic disease

Answer 21

symptoms develop slowly

Question 22

latent disease

Answer 22

causative agent is inactive for a tie, but then activates and produces symptoms

Question 23

herd immunity

Answer 23

immunity in most of the population

Question 24

local infection

Answer 24

pathogens are limited to small area of body

Question 25

systemic/generalized infection

Answer 25

infection throughout body

Question 26

focal infection

Answer 26

one that started local and became systemic

Question 27

sepsis

Answer 27

toxic, inflammatory condition arising from spread of microbes, especially bacteria and their toxins, from a focus of infection

Question 28

bacteremia

Answer 28

bacteria in blood

Question 29

septicemia

Answer 29

growth of bacteria in blood (blood poisoning)

Question 30

toxemia

Answer 30

toxins in blood

Question 31

primary infection

Answer 31

acute infection that causes initial illness

Question 32

secondary infection

Answer 32

opportunistic infection after primary infection

Question 33

predisposing factors

Answer 33

• gender
• climate
• lack of vaccination
• fatigue
• age
• lifestyle
• nutrition
• chemotherapy
• inherited state

Question 34

Steps of developing a disease

Answer 34

• incubation period (time bt infection + 1st symptoms)
• prodromal period (early mild symptoms)
• period of illness (height of disease)
• period of decline (signs and symptoms subside)
• period of convalescence (body returns to pre-disease)

Question 35

Reservoirs of infection

Answer 35

Human reservoirs –> AIDS and gonorrhea–> carriers may have inapparent infections or latent disease

Animal reservoirs –> rabbies and lyme –> zoonoses are diseases transmitted by animals

Nonliving reservoirs –> botulism and tetanus –> soil and water

Question 36

Direct contact transmission

Answer 36

requires close association bt infected and succeptible host

Question 37

congenial transmission

Answer 37

transmission from mom to fetus or newborn at birth

Question 38

indirect contact transmission

Answer 38

spreads to host by nonliving object, called fomite

Question 39

droplet transmission

Answer 39

transmission via airborne droplets less than a meter away

Question 40

vehicle transmission

Answer 40

transmission from an inanimate reservoir (air, water, food)

Question 41

vectors

Answer 41

agents that carry and transmit diseases

• arthropods, especially fleas, ticks, and mosquitos
• use mechanical transmission (on feet) or biological transmission (through bite or feces)

Question 42

Emerging infectious diseases

Answer 42

ones that’re new, increasing in incidence, or whowing the potential to increase
-usually vector born viruses

Question 43

contributing factors to emerging infectious disease

Answer 43

-genetic recombination
-emerging strains
-weather
-modern transportation (boats take up water)
insect vectors
natural disasters
animal control methods
public health failure
bioterrorism