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Microbiology > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Immunity

A

ability to ward off disease

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2
Q

suceptibility

A

lack of resistance to a disease

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3
Q

innate immunity

A

defence against any pathogen

  • rapid
  • present at birth
  • first and second lines of defense
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4
Q

first line of defense

A

skin and mucous membranes

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5
Q

second line of defense

A

natural killer cells, phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, and antimicrobial substances

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6
Q

adaptive immunity

A

specific
slower
memory

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7
Q

Skin

A

dermis = inner portion of connective tissue
epidermis = outer portion of tightly packed epithelial cells with keratin (protective protein)
-shedding + drying inhibits microbial growth

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8
Q

Mucous membrane

A
  • epithelial layer that lines GI, respiratory, and genitourinary tract
  • mucous = viscous glycoproteins that trap microbes and prevent drying out
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9
Q

ciliary escalator

A

-transports microbes trapped in mucous away from lungs

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10
Q

physical first line defenses

A
  • tears
  • saliva
  • ear wax
  • urine
  • vomit
  • poop
  • vaginal secretions
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11
Q

sebum

A

forms a protective film that lowers pH of skin bc of unsaturated fatty acids

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12
Q

lysozyme

A

in sweat, tears, saliva, and urine

-destroys bacterial cell wall

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13
Q

gastric juices

A

-super acidic, so it kills bacteria

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14
Q

vaginal secretions

A

pretty acidic, so it inhibits microbes

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15
Q

normal microbiota

A
  • compete with pathogens via competitive exclusion
  • well adapted
  • create substances (like hydrogen peroxide in vagina) that are harmful to pathogens
  • commensalism
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16
Q

probiotics

A

live microbial cultured administered for beneficial effect

17
Q

3 things in blood

A

erythrocytes (RBC)
leukocytes (WBC)
Platelets
-created in red bone marrow stem cells via hematopoiesis

18
Q

Granulocytes

A

leukocytes with visible granules in cytoplasm with light microscope

  • neutrophils = phagocytic + work in early stages of infection
  • basophils = release histamine + work in allergic responses
  • eosinophils = phagocytic + toxic against parasites + helminths
19
Q

Agranulocytes

A

leukocytes w/o visible granules

  • monocytes = mature into macrophages in tissues where they’re phagocytic
  • dendritic cells = found in skin, mucous membrane, and thymus + phagocytic
  • lymphocytes = T cells, B cells, and NK cells
20
Q

lymph system

A

lymph carries microbes to lymph nodes where lymphocytes and macrophages destroy them

21
Q

fixed vs free macrophages

A

pretty obvious

22
Q

Phases of Phagocytosis

A
  • Chemotaxis = chemical signals attract phagocytes to microorganisms
  • adherence = attachment of phagocyte to surphace of microbe
  • ingestion = sometimes uses opsonization where microbe is coated with serum proteins to make it easier to eat
  • digestion = eated inside phagolysosome
23
Q

Inflammation

A
  • PRISH
  • destroys or inhibits injurious agents
  • repairs and replaces tissue
  • activates acute phase proteins that cause vasodilation
    1. vasodilation of blood vessels
    2. phagocyte migration + phagocytosis
    3. tissue repair + inflammation
24
Q

acute phase proteins

A 
histamine
kinins
prostaglandins
leukotrienes
cytokines
25
Q

fever

A

cytokines cause hypothalamus to release prostaglandins that reset body temp

  • temp stay high until cytokines are eliminatied
  • as temp falls (crisis) vasodilation and sweating happens
26
Q

advantages and disadvantages of fever

A

advantages: increases transferrins which bind iron
- increases IL-1 activity which promotes T cell production
- produces interferon which stops replication of some virueses
- tissue repair could be faster

Disadvantages: tachycardia

  • acidosis
  • dehydration
  • 44-46 C is fatal
27
Q

complements system

A
  • serum proteins produced by liver that enhance immune system
  • act in cascade –> complement activation
    1. classic pathway = activated by antibody
    2. alternative pathway = activated by proteins or polysacchrides on virus or host surface
    3. activated by lectins = proteins that bind to carbs
28
Q

classic pathway

A
  • antibodies bind to antigens, activating C1
  • C1 splits and activates C2 and C4
  • C2a and C4b combine and activate C3
  • C3a function in inflammation
  • C3b functions in cytolysis and opsonization
29
Q

Alternative pathway

A

C3 in the blood combines with factors BDP on microbe surfaces
-C3 splits into Ca and C3b

30
Q

Lectin Pathway

A
  • macrophages ingest pathogens, releasing cytokines that stimulate lectin production in liver
  • Mannose-binding lectin binds to mannose on pathogens, activating C2 and C4
  • C2a and C4b activate C3
31
Q

outcomes of complement activation

A
  • cytolysis = complement proteins create a membrane attack comlex
  • opsonization = promotes attachment of phagocyte
  • inflammation = activated complement proteins bind to mast cells, releasing histamine
  • regulatory proteins break don complement proteins after
  • sometimes capsules prevent comllement activation
32
Q

interferons

A
  • cytokines produced by cells –> antiviral activity
  • proteins, not antibodies
  • interfere with viral replication
  • alpha and beta are produced by cells in response to viral infections –> cause neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins
  • gamma causes neutrophils and macrophages to kill
  • not specific
  • species specific bacteria
33
Q

iron binding proteins

A
  • transferrin = blood and tissue
  • lactoferrin = milk, saliva, and mucus
  • ferritin = liver, spleen, and red bone marrow
  • hemoglobin = RBC
  • bacteria produce siderophores

Microbiology (15 decks)

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