Exam 2 deck 3

Question 1

Central dogma

Answer 1

DNA –> RNA –> Protein

Question 2

genetics

Answer 2

study of genes

Question 3

chromosomes

Answer 3

structures containing DNA that physically carry genetic info

Question 4

genes

Answer 4

segments of DNA that encode functional products

Question 5

Genome

Answer 5

all genetic info of a cell

Question 6

genotype

Answer 6

genes of an organism

Question 7

phenotype

Answer 7

the expression of genes

Question 8

Describe bacterial DNA

Answer 8

One circular chromosome that loops around proteins and connects to the membrane at various points

Question 9

Describe DNA’s structure

Answer 9

double helix running antiparallel held together be H bonds

Question 10

topoisomerase

Answer 10

unwinds DNA

Question 11

gyrase

Answer 11

relaxes the unwound DNA using ATP

Question 12

Helicase

Answer 12

separates the DNA strands

Question 13

Primase

Answer 13

Initiates DNA replication by creating an RNA primer for DNA Polymerase

Question 14

DNA Polymerase

Answer 14

Adds nucleotides in the 5’ –> 3’ direction

Question 15

DNA ligase

Answer 15

seals gaps in new DNA strands

Question 16

What provides energy for the new nucleotides to bind to the adjacent sugar

Answer 16

Nucleotide triphosphate loses 2 Ps

Question 17

Does bacterial replication happen in one direction or two?

Answer 17

2

Question 18

Transcription

Answer 18

mRNA strand is made from DNA template

Question 19

Initiation

Answer 19

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter sequence on the DNA

Question 20

Elongation

Answer 20

new nucleotides are added in 5-3 direction

Question 21

Termination

Answer 21

transcription ends at the termination sequence

-can be self terminated or enzyme dependent termination

Question 22

self termination

Answer 22

RNA H-bonds to itself, making a loop

Question 23

Why are prokaryotes able to make new proteins so quickly?

Answer 23

• Multiple RNA polymerases can work on the same section of DNA at one time
• transcription and translation can happen concurrently

Question 24

Start codon

Answer 24

AUG

-start of translation happens when ribosome binds here

Question 25

Nonsense codon

Answer 25

UAA, UAG and UGA

-ends translation

Question 26

tRNA

Answer 26

transports amino acid to growing polypeptide chain

-has anticodon to bind to mRNA

Question 27

What is significant about there being 61 sense codons, but only 20 amino acids

Answer 27

There are repeats…“Degenerate”