Patho practical random qs Flashcards
Rabbit with GI problem: what could be the infectious and non infectious causes of intestinal lesions?
- Infectious: epizootic rabbit enteropathy, coccidia, saccharomyces
- Non infectious: antibiotics, concrements (hairball formation)
Yorkie with a small lipoma (1.5cm diameter) attached to the uterine horn
What could it be?
- Tumour types: epithelial and mesenchymal
- Cysts that can occur in and around the uterus - follicular, luteal, serosal cysts, cystic endometrial hyperplasia, parauterine cysts
Day old piglet: light lymph nodes and mild fatty infiltration in the liver
Lnn. are suppose to be dark in piglet due to iron shot (iron accumulation - siderosis) and mild fatty infiltration in the liver is physiological in young piglets.
Dog osteomyelitis caused by?
= bone infection
Causes: Actinomyces bovis with granuloma formation, osteosarcoma, periostitis, acropachia and that it’s caused by hypoxia.
Dog with gastrointestinal stromal tumor - what is it and how you could identify it?
GIST is a mesenchymal neoplasm, detected by the C-kit which detects the CD117. Positive result = brown colour)
Cat: different tumors typical in cats? What is the one suspected in case of enlarged spleen + liver + thickened gut walls?
- Typical tumours in cats: lymphoma, squamous cell carcinoma, fibrosarcoma/soft tissue sarcoma (develops in muscle/CT) and mast cell tumour
- Enlarged spleen + liver + thickened gut walls = mastocytoma
Differential D of splenomegaly
- Haemolytic anaemia
- Euthanasia by barbiturates
- Congestion due to heart failure
- Tumours
Mass on a mesenterial lymphnode: what tumour could it be?
Lymphoma or Mastocytoma (esp. if intestines were thickened too)
Rabbit: haemorrhages all over the lung - caused by?
Rabbit haemorrhage disease caused by calici virus
Rabbit with a phlegmon: describe what a phlegmone is and causes
- Phlegmon: localized area of acute inflammation in the soft tissue
- Caused by Pasteurella multocida
What can Pasteurella cause in a rabbit?
Serous rhinitis (can turn purulent), otitis media, fibrinous pneumonia, pericarditis, pleuritis, conjunctivitis, phlegmon, abscesses, meningoencephalitis, mastitis, endometritis, salpingitis, or septicemia
Why liver can be paler than normally?
Fatty infiltration, glycogen, cloudy swellings of hepatocytes, amyloidosis (dystrophy), xylitol toxicosis
Causes of splenomegaly. When do you know if its acute or chronic splenitis and how do you check it?
-Systemic and inflammatory causes:
Splenitis:
1. Diffuse form: acute/chronic septic (hyperplastic)
-Acute hyperaemic: portal hypertension, R-sided cardiac-venous congestion, splenic torsion, Anthrax, Erysipelas
-Acute hyperplastic: hemolytic/systemic disorders
-Chronic hyperplastic: EIA
-Chronic indurative: conseq. of chronic hyperplastic
2. Nodular form: inflam.-necrotic foci, granulomatous
3. Nodular septic: multifocal
4. Purulent
5. Ichorous
When do you know if its acute or chronic splenitis and how do you check it: ??
Name the genetic diseases related to heart in Maine coons
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (also American shorthaired) = Concentric (rarely eccentric) hypertrophy of the left ventricle, accompanied by dilation of left atrium in severe cases and thromboembolism can occur due to turbulence
Dog - orocervical part: lung oedema and endocardiosis - how can these be related?
Endocardiosis is degeneration of the valves in the heart, the edges of the valves become thickened and irregular, so they become leaky. This means that blood leaks backwards through the heart, reducing heart efficiency. It leads to CHF which causes the pumping failure and excessive water retention - fluid will “back up” behind the heart - filling the lungs –> oedema
What are the consequences of left and right sided heart failure?
- Left sided: pulmonary oedema, pleural effusion, tachypnoea - then dyspnoea, coughing, exercise intolerance, cold extremities, hypothermia, syncope
- Right sided: jugular venous distention, hepatomegaly, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, ascites, and peripheral edema.
Rabbit: cause of cellulitis in subcutis around neck?
Pasteurella
Cat with polycystic kidney disease: how is the polycystic kidney disease connected to the parathyroid gland and what are the hyperparathyroidism causes?
Any chronic kidney disease can cause lesions such as hyperparathyroidism/parathyroid hyperplasia which causes excessive secretion of PTH - medically referred to as secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Causes of hyperparathyroidism:
-Primary hyperparathyroidism: means this disorder begins in the parathyroid glands, rather than resulting from another health problem
-Secondary: either nutritional influences or chronic kidney disease (renal secondary hyperparathyroidism).
-Tertiary: has yet to be documented in veterinary medicine, but it is possible that this condition occurs in some cats following longstanding renal sec. hyperparathyroidism.
What happens when a surgical sponge is left in the the abdomen?
??
Cause of Leptomeningites?
Inflam. of the subarachnoid space.
Can be infectious or non-infectious.
Infectious: Strep. (Haemophilus) suis (Glassers dis.), Strep. spp., Staph. spp., Corynebact., E.coli, Klebsiella, TB, Pseudomonas, Salmonella,
Non-inf.: CSF circ. dist.
Pig: what do you need to follow in case of bacterial port of entry from wrong tooth clipping
It will travel via lymph to tonsils and neighbouring lymph nodes. Then to the heart and cause endocarditis. Mitral valve will look swelled up but not shiny and not wet. Will look like a cauliflower. It’s fragile so can easily cause a thromboemolism leading to infarts. Typical infart location is the kidney.
Rabbit: blood around nose, haemothorax and lungs congested - what can the cause be?
RHD - rabbit haemoraghic disease - caused by the RHD virus (genus Lagovirus and family Caliciviridae)
Piglet: Glässers disease - causative, clinical signs, how it differs from other diseases?
- Causative: Haemophilus parasuis
- Clinical signs: serous-fibrinous pleuritis + other organs; peritoneum, pericardium (fibrinous pericarditis), joints (arthritis), meninx (meningitis)
- How it differs from other diseases: spleen not enlarged
Oedema disease of pigs, which toxin is causing it? CS? Predisposing factors?
Verotoxin, STL IIV
- The edemas are caused because the toxin is increasing the vessel permeability because it causes a fibrotic necrosis in the vessels.
- Affect primarily healthy, rapidly growing nursery pigs.
- Widespread edema: mesentery, stomach, subcutis - eyelids, brain – brain stem necrosis due to vascular alterations and central nervous symptoms
- Clinical signs: edema on the forehead around the eyes, nose also edema in the brain causing CNS depression.
- Predisposing factors: sudden changes in the diet, „overeating”
Dog with bilateral hairloss of the lumbar region and pot belly - causes
- Hypothyroidism
- Potbelly: hyperadrenocorticism (cushing’s disease)
Dog: lesions of the skin in cushings? Causes of Cushings?
- Thin skin and ulcerative looking lesions with necrotic black skin.
- A tumour producing the hormone like an adenoma or adenocarcinoma and also a problem in the feedback loop can cause increased secretion of the hormone
Rabbit with fatty infiltration: what happens when the liver is compromised
GNG disruption, inability to breakdown toxins, coagulopathy problems
Causes of pneumonia’s in dogs
- Viral: Distemper, Adeno, Herpes and PI-2
- Bacterial: Kennel cough (P.multocida, B.bronchiseptica, Klebsiella) TB, Mycoplasma, Nocardia, Actinomyces, E.coli, Strep. spp.
- Fungal: Aspergillosis, Blastomycosis, Coccidiomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Cryptococcosis
- Parasitic: Toxoplasmosis, Pneumocystis
- Toxic pneumonia (herbicides), pneumopathy (uraemia)
Causes of pneumonia’s in cats
- Viral: Inf. rhinotracheitis - Herpes, Adeno, Calici
- Bacterial: Chlamydia, P. multocida, TB
- Fungal: Cryptococcosis
- Parasitic: Auelurostrongylus abstrusus, Toxoplasma, Paragonimus kellicotti
- Other: Endogenous lipidpneumonia, Aspiration pneumonia
Dog, yorkshire terrier: which diseases occur usually in this dog breed?
Portosystemic shunt, tracheal collapse, hydrocephalus
Causes of pancreatitis
secondary to ischemia physical (trauma, surgery) chemical (toxicosis: dicumarol, uremia, drugs) viral (swine fever, rubarths, rabies) bacterial (ascending, haematogenous) obesity latent DM free catabolic enzymes post obstructive changes
Tumours of the pancreas
- Tumors of exocrine p.: rare, older female dogs (+spaniel), 85% adenosarcoma
- Tumors of neuro-endocrine p.: insulinoma, gastrinoma, lipomas, glucagonoma, PPoma (pancreatic polypeptide), VIPoma (vasoactive intestinal peptide)
Types of regressive changes of the heart
• Cloudy swelling • Fatty degeneration • Hydropic degeneration – doxorubicin toxicity – autointoxication • Lipofuscinosis • Myofibrillar degeneration – furazolidon toxicity in birds • Necrosis (nutritional def., toxicosis, phys. injuries and shock)
Microbial agents causing myocarditis
– Viral cause: Parvovirus, FMDV, encephalomyocarditis virus, canine distemper, Newcastle disease, avian encephalomyelitis
– Bacterial causes: Clostridium chauvoei, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus piliformis, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Mycobacterium sp., Streptococcus sp., Actinobacillus equuli, Staphylococcus sp.
– Protozoa: Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis sp.,
Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Trypanosoma
Outcome of myocarditis
– Complete resolution
– Residual scars
– Progressive myocardial damage, secondary (dilated)
cardiomyopathy
Most frequent type of myocarditis
Lympho-histiolytic
Microbial agents causing endocarditis
Mostly bacterial: E. rhusiopathiae, streptococci, staphylococci, klebsiella, C. pyogenes
(rarely parasitical or fungal)
Consequences of endocarditis
– acute cardiac failure
– chronic cardiac failure
– septic thromboembolism
Frequent causes of cardiac hypertrophy
• Right ventricular hypertrophy – Congenital pulmonic stenosis – Dirofilariasis (heartworm disease) – Chronic alveolar emphysema (horse) – High altitude disease (cattle) • Left ventricular hypertrophy – Congenital (sub)aortic stenosis – Acquired aortic stenosis • Biventricular hypertrophy – Primary HCM – Congenital anomalies
Congenital disease found in Burmese cats
Restrictive cardiomyopathy –> Impaired ventricular filling • Endocardial fibrosis • Amyloidosis • Endocardial fibroelastosis
Appearence of serous hepatitis
the liver is swollen and stiff, its capsule is tight
dark red
- in pigs: the surface is granular
- in dogs: covered by fibrinous pseudomembranes
the cut surface is dark red, the structure is not definite, fluid is oozing to the surface
easy to tear, fragile
Causative agent of purulent hepatitis
Pyogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus ssp., Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes, stb.)
Causative agent of Ichorous hepatitis
Infection by proteolytic (saprophytic) bacteria: hematogenous, on the surface of foreign bodies, migrating parasites
Causative agent of Emphysematous hepatitis
Clostridium septicum, C. histolyticum, C. novyi B etc.
Causative agent of Granulomatous hepatitis
- Tuberculosis
- Actinobacillosis (cattle)
- Bothryomycosis (horse)
- Coli-granulomatosis (poultry)
Causative agent of Necrotic hepatitis
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Causative agent of chronic, focal interstitial hepatitis
migrating parasites (liver flukes, ascaris, coenurus) (hepatitis interstitialis superficialis parasitaria multiplex)
Causative agent of canine viral hepatitis
Rubarth’s disease, fox encephalitis -
Canine adenovirus 1
Parasitic infections in the liver
- Toxoplasma gondii: Bradyzoites IC. Focal random necrosis.
- Billiary coccidiosis - Eimeria Stiedai in rabbit: Biliary epithelium proliferation. Chronic purulent inflam
- Liver fluke - Fasciola hepatica: Chronic inflam of the biliary ducts. Calcification.
-Also Fascioloides magna and Fasciola gigantica
• Larval:
– Tapeworms: Echinococcus granulosus, E. multilocularis, Taenia pisiformis, Taenia spp.
– Flukes: Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Metagonimus yokogawai, Opistorchis spp., Clonorchis spp.
– Nematodes (Ascaroid type)
• Imago:
– Flukes: D. dendriticum, Metagonimus yokogawai,
Opistorchis spp., Clonorchis spp.
– Nematoda: Calodium hepaticum syn. Capillaria hepatica
Liver lesions caused by parasites
• Traumatic effect • Toxic effect • Liver failure (metabolic disturbances) • Inflammations – Acute – Chronic (fibrosis, cirrhosis, necrosis, calcifications) • Neoplasia
Diseases causing hepatic lesions in mammals
– Necrobacillosis – Salmonellosis – Malignant edema – Rodentiosis (yersiniosis) – Tuberculosis – Tularaemia – Campylobacter-abortus - sheep – Actinobacillosis (cattle) – Bothriomycosis (horse) – Tyzzer’s disease – Streptococcus septicaemia (piglet) – Malleus – Brucellosis – Listeriosis – Anthrax – Toxoplasmosis – Pseudorabies – Fungal diseases – parazites
Infectious diseases causing hemorrhages in pancreas
swine fever, salmonellosis, Rubarth-disease, leptospirosis, rabies
Causes of DM
• Multifactorial disease: – Autoimmun disorders – Hereditary – Nutritional disorders – Congenital hypoplasia • Lack of β-cells
Pathology of diabetes mellitus
• Pancreas
– firm, multinodular
– areas of hemorrhages and necrosis
– hyalinosis, amyloidosis and sclerosis of the islets
• Liver
– hepatomegaly (due to lipid accumulation)
• Eye
– cataracts (lenticular opacities due to edema)
• Secondary and/or chronic infections
– cystitis, prostatitis, bronchopneumonia, dermatitis
– glomerulosclerosis
• Langerhans islet: Smaller. Decreased number of islets. First β-cell degeneration. Granular appearence of the cytoplasm. Hydropic changes
• Degeneration of the other cell types
Complications of DM
Complications • Acute – Hyperglycaemic or hyperosmotic coma – Ketosis, death • Chronic – Long hyperglycaemia – Pathological changes in the organs – Micro- and macroangiopathies
Causative agent of phelgmon
Pyogenic bacteria -> Staph., Strep., Arcanobacterium, Proteus (pyogenes)
Hemorrhagic inflammation:
- Causative agent?
- Where does it multiplicate?
- How can we recognise it?
- What are the CS?
- Parvovirus
- In the crypts
- Intranuclear inclusion bodies
- Leathargy, fever, vomiting and bloody diarrhoea
Types of intestinal tumour
Benign: -Adenoma FILL IN MORE Malignant: -Adenocarcinoma -SCC -Medullary carcinoma -Mucinous Adenocarcinoma -Signet ring cell carcinoma -Adenosquamous carcinoma
Cat tongue with firm lesion, proliferative. What can it be?
- SSC
- Rhabdo-myoma/myosarcoma
- Peripheral odontogen fibroma
Cat w. very yellow liver and kidneys. Liver was fragile, lipidic, soft and nutmeg pattern on cut surface. Obese.
- Fe Idiopathic Lipidosis
- Hepatopathy may have further caused hypoproteinemia, coagulopathies and high blood liver enzymes.
Dog with fibrotic kidney, no tearability, no separation bw. cortex and medulla. Wall damage in stomach. Ulcers in mouth + gritty.
- Can be end stage kidney failure
- Uraemia, causing excess urea excreation via salivary glands with is transformed to ammonia by bacterias. Gritty because of hyperCa, due to secondary renal hyperparathyroidism which decreases P excreation, causing P excess. This leads to decreased Ca - hypoCa, which activates vit.D trough kidneys and 1,25-hydroxylation.
- Chronic kidney failure causes decr. EPO, which reduces RBC prod., causing anaemia.
- Left sided cardiac hypertrophy -> as kidneys are smaller, more pressure is needed to lush the required renal blood flow trough (incr. afterload).
- PU/PD: water reabs. is decr. due to decr. ADH production from kdineys.
How does heart worm affects the heart?
It causes pulmonary trunk stenosis, causing increased work load on the heart, leading to pulmonary hypertension and subsequent lung oedema.
Testicles with bilat. circumscribed lesions (ca. 1 cm), darker in the center. Both tested equal size, no sign of testosterone prod. What can it be?
Leydig cell tumor
-Other: Seminoma, Sertoli cell tumor, teratoma
(Sertoli cell tumor is functional, can produce estrogen and can cause consequential prostate hyperplasia)
Common place for haemangiosarcoma on heart, and how does it affect the heart?
- Right auricle
- It causes haemorrhages in the pericardial sac, leading to cardiac tamponade eventually preventing heart from systole due to the increased fluid pressure, causing cardiac failure.
Possible causes for megacolon
- Innervation problems
- Dietary problems causing obstipation
- Ileus
A cryptorchid testis can become tumerous and metastize, what predisposed this to happen?
Higher environmental temp.
Appearance of endocarditis vs. endocardosis
- Endocarditis: Inflammation, non-shiny, cauliflower-like and fragile valves
- Endocardosis: necrosis, thickened, smooth, possible slightly nodular and shiny valves
What can an enlarged, dark-coloured spleen suggest, if the dog is icteric-looking?
- Prehepatic (haemolytic) anaemia
- Other: IHA, toxicosis (garlic, onion, parasites; Babesia, Mycoplasma haemocanis) or incorrectly matched blood transfusion
Changes in the body due to Cushing´s
-Hepatomegaly
FILL IN MORE
Which causative agent usually causes endocarditis in pigs?
Streptococcus suis
Dd for endocarditis and infarct on spleen in pig
- Classical Swine fever - small infarcts on edges of the spleen
- African Swine fever - enlargement, hyperplasia, necrosis
- Streptococcus suis
- Actinobacillus
- Trueperella
- Erysipelothrix
Pig colon with mucoid feces and diarrhoea, possible causes?
Brachyspira or Lawsonia infection, as they activate the goblet cells and cause supf. necrosis
Pig with severe subacute purulent bronchopneumonia, what is a common causative agent?
Pasteurella
Pig with severe, acute, hemorrhagic, necrotic, fibrinous bronchopneumonia and severe, acute hemorrhagic, fibrinous pleuritis, what is a common causative agent?
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
In pneumonia, what does it mean if there is or is not exudate in bronchioles?
Exudate = chronic (=bronchiectasis)
No exudate = acute
Rabbit with fibrinopurulent and fibrinous bronchopneumonia, which is chornic/acute? Possible causative agents?
- Fibrinopurulent: acute
- Fibrinous: chronic
- Pasteurella, Staph., Strep.
Lamb with goiter. Appearance, causes, prevention?
- Appearance: enlarged, firm thyroid with fluid inside
- Cause: iodine def.
- Prevention: salt block of I and Se to prevent def.
Typical tumours of pancreas?
Adenoma, Insulinoma
Development of insulinoma?
- B cells, autonomous of neg feedback
- Neuroendocrine tumour
Development of carcinoma of pancreas?
Ductular ep. or acinar cells – nodules within pancreas
Effects on pancreas, liver and eyes due to diabetes?
Acute/chronic compliacations?
- Pancreas: firm and multinodular haemorrhages, necrosis/hyalinosis/amyloidosis/sclerosis of islets
- Liver: hepatomegaly
- Eyes: cataract due to hyperglycaemia
- Acute complications: hypergly./hyperosmotic coma, ketosis and death
- Chronic complications: long hypergly., pathological changes on organs, micro- and macro-angiopathies.
Consequences of urolithiasis
- Stranguria, dysuria
- Mucosal damage
- Occlusion
- Urocystitis
- Uraemia
- Peritonitis
BVD lesions in newborn calf
- (abortion)
- embryonic death and re-oestrus - immuntolerance and permanent infection
- developmental anomalies (hydrocephalus, brachygnathia, ankylosis, cerebellar hypoplasia) - Seropositivity
BVD lesions in adult cow
- abortion
- embryonic death and re-oestrus - GI symptoms (diarrhoea)
- immunosuppression
- haemorrhages, erosions, ulcers
Consequences of invagination of intestines
Severe circulatory disturbances
- compression of veins
- passive congestion (hyperaemia)
- impaction
- adhesion
- ileus
- necrosis
Dd for nodular enlargement of spleen
- Tumours (haemangioma, haemangiosarcoma)
- Hematoma
- Hyperplasia
Consequences of internal hernia
Incarceration, suffocation, circulatory disturbances
Diaphragmatic hernia, what needs to be checked?
- Congenital or acquired
- If acquired: acute (vital reaction) or chornic (scarring)
Consequences of prostate hyperplasia
The enlarged prostate narrows the urethra, causing stagnation of the urine and consequential urocystitis
Dd diagnosis for multinodular mass on liver
- Biliary cystadenoma
- Cholangiocellular adenoma
- Congenital biliary cyst
Possible pathogens for Purulent/ichorous pleuritis or pyogranulomatous pleuritis and possible pathogenesis
- Nocardia
- Actinomyces
- Bacterioides
- Trueperella pyogenes
- E.coli
- Pasteurella multocida
- Possible pathogenesis: hematogenous spreading following bite, pathogen inhaled on a plant particle (awn), lung abscess opening to the thoracic cavity
Megaoesophagus:
Causes?
- Innervation problem
- Narrowing or obstruction of the esophagus at the cardia
- Inflammation of the muscle layer of the esophagus
- Developmental anomaly in the heart (persistent right aortic arch) (dilation should start at region of the heart)
Consequences of Spirocerca lupi infection
- Stenosis of the esophagus
- Difficulty of swallowing
- Fibrosarcoma
What is incarceration?
Protrusion of intestines, tightening
Common for secondary fungal infection
Granuloma, diphteric ulceration
Types of malleus
- Malleotic nodule (granuloma)
- Predom. Proliferative form
- Predom. Exudative form
What are Oats cells?
Histocytes that look like cereal grains
What are Smudge cells?
Smudge cells are remnants of cells that lack any identifiable cytoplasmic membrane or nuclear structure. Smudge cells, also called basket cells, are most often associated with abnormally fragile lymphocytes in disorders such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
Type II pneumocytes
Type II cells are the most numerous cells in the alveoli, yet do not cover as much surface area as the squamous type I cells. Type II cells in the alveolar wall contain secretory granular organelles known as lamellar bodies that fuse with the cell membranes and secrete pulmonary surfactant.
Type II cells are also capable of cellular division, giving rise to more type I and II alveolar cells when the lung tissue is damaged.
