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LA infectious diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Foot and mouth disease

A
  • Picornaviridae->Aphthovirus
  • Zoonotic
  • Cloven-hoofed animals: cow, sheep, goat, pig
  • Epitheliotrop virus: prim. bullae (oral cavity) -> viraemia -> sec. bullae (oesophagus, rumen), irregular erosions
  • Fast healing in mild cases
  • Predisp. to sec. bacterial inf.
  • Head: Small, clear, fluid-filled vesicles -> enlarge, create bullae and ulcerate, conjuctivitis
  • Body: vesicular dermatitis, myocarditis (Zenker´s necrosis, tiger heart)
  • Diff D: if rumen is affected, diff. from BVD
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2
Q

Bovine viral diarrhea

A
  • Flaviviridae->Pestivirus, BVD1, BVD2
  • Cattle, buffalo, zebu, sheep (Border disease)
  • Disease varies with virulence:
    • Cytopathic (Cp) strain – virulent
    • Non-cytopathic (Ncp) strain – non-virulent
  • Types:
    1. Inf. of calf during gestation: common
    • Cp strain: diarrhea and RT signs
    • Ncp strain: Ø symptoms
      2. Prim. inf. of calf: common
    • Cp strain: diarrhea (classic BVD), RT signs, immunosup.->sec. infections, other signs
    • Ncp strain: seropositivity, immunosup.->sec. infections
      3. Simultaneous inf. of calf: rare – Mucosal disease (MD)
  • BVD/MD signs: sharp, round ulcers, high fever, leukopenia, anorexia, diarrhea
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3
Q

Necrobacillosis

A
  • Necrobacillosis: Fusobacterium necrophorum
  • Opportunistic pathogen (follow injuries), oral cavity+soil, worldwide, zoonotic
  • Necrotic stomatitis of calves (calf diphteria), lambs, piglets, foals, rabbits
  • Foot rot (Ru), necrotic rhinitis (Su), Quittor (Eq)
  • Local – through injuries, metastasis in same organ/lnn, generalization – lympho-haem. met.
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4
Q

Actinobacillosis

A

Actinobacillosis: Actinobacillus lignieresi

  • Facultative pathogen, normal oral flora in Ru, injuries->invade deeper tissues->metastasis
  • Lesions: 1.Nodules, 2.Ulceration, 3.Tumor-like growth, 4.Abcesses, 5.Sclerotic form
  • Nodules: granulation tissue w. histiocytes+giant cells -> pyogranuloma (yellow)
  • Tumor: w. hard CT-capsule
  • Abcesses: capsule, granulation tissue, dense+viscous pus w. “sulphur granules”
  • Sclerotic form: in case of healing, scattered foci, firm -> “sulphur granules”
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5
Q

Stachybotryotoxicosis

A
  • Fungus: Stachybotrys chartarum – Satratoxin
  • Moldy hay/stray due to humid conditions
  • Mainly horse, also cattle, sheep, swine, poultry
  • Local: necrosis, general: blood vessels, BM, imm.sup., degen. changes in parenchymal organs, sup. of mitosis
  • Lesions: ulceration of oral mm., hemorrhages, necrosis of GI mm., deg. of BM, liver, heart, leuko+thrombocytopenia
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6
Q

Enterotoxemia caused by Escherichia coli (calf, pig)

A
  • Antigens: O-Somatic, K-Capsular, H-Flagellar, F-Frimbrial
  • Toxins: Endotoxin (LPS) and Exotoxins (enterotoxins)
  • Causes: Colibacillosis
  • ETEC – EnteroToxigenic E.Coli: calves, pigs - Neonatal disease
    • Fimbrial adhesins, LT- (promotes secr.), Sta- (inhib. abs.) and StB-toxins (prom. secr.)
  • EPEC – EnteroPathogenic E.coli: PWD – Post Weaning Diarrhea
    • Attacking+Effacing E.coli
  • EIEC – EnteroInvasive E.Coli
  • Other E.coli induced diseases: Septicaemia, bacteriaemia, Coli-Granulomatosis
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7
Q

Oedema disease of swine; coli septicemia

A

Edema disease: STEC/EDEC
-After weaning
-Fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles, widespread edema
FILL INN MORE

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8
Q

Clostridium perfringens enterotoxaemia

A

-Pathogens: -A, B, C, D, E – producing toxins
-Normal in GI-flora, spore-forming, anaerobic rod, G+
-Cl. Perfringens A: α-toxin
-Piglet: Haemorrhagic necrotic enteritis
-Chicken: Necrotic enteritis
(-Human gas gangrene, food pois.)
-Cl. Perfringens B: α-, beta- and epsilon toxin
-Lamb dysentery
-Cl. Perfringens C: α- and beta- toxin
-Piglet: Necrotic enteritis
-Sheep: Struck
-Goat, foal, calf: Hemorrhagic enterotoxaemia
-Chicken: Necrotic enteritis
-Cl.Perfringens D: epsilon toxin
-Sheep, lamb: Pulpy kidney disease
-Sheep, goat: Enterotoxaemia
-Sheep: FSE – Focal Symmetric Encephalomalacia
-Cl. Pefringens E:
(-Dog: Acute Haemorrhagic Gastroenteritis
-Rabbit: Necrotic Typhlitis)
-Calves: Hemorrhagic enteritis

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9
Q

Septicaemic salmonella (Salmonella choleraesusis) infection of pigs.

A
  1. Parathyroid: Septicaemia (S. enterica typ. Cholerasuis var. Kunzendorf), Enterocolitis (S.e.typ. Typhimurium var. Copenhagen, S.cholerasuis, S.agone), Rectal Stricture syndrome (S.e. typ. C. var. Copenhagen(
  2. Swine typhus (S.e. typ. Typhisuis)
  3. Food contamination (S.dublin, others)
    - Salmonella septicaemia: 4-16 w. old, small hemorrhages, fibrinous peritonitis, hyperplastic splenitis, focal necrotic lesions in many organs
    - Salmonella enterocolitis: 4-16 w. old, ileum+colon + other organs, lnn. enlargement+necrosis+ulceration, rectal stricture, megacolon, focal/diffuse fibronecrotic enterocolitis, granulomatous lesions
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10
Q

Swine typhus (Salmonella typhisuis infection)

A

-Any age
-Bacteriaemia, ulcerative colitis, necrotic lesions in other organs, prolif. inflam. of lnn.
FILL IN MORE

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11
Q

Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease)

A
  • Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (zoonotic, v. resistant!)
  • Mostly cattle, also small + wild Ru, accidental inf. in horses+swine, human susc. too)
  • Usually early inf., long latency period
  • Lesions: MM thicker, rugae
  • Colonized enteral mucosa -> may spread to submucosa -> trough lymph to subserosa+mes.lnn.
  • Bacteria multiplies in histiocytes!
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12
Q

Mycobacterial lesions of the intestine

A
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M.bovis
  • Primary complex: horse+pig 100% enteral, Car 50%, PO inf.
  • Cattle, small Ru: metastases – M.bovis – exudative
  • Pig: M.bovis – exudative, M.tuberculosis + M.avium – proliferative, sometimes lnn. afftected
  • Horse: Proliferative, ulcerative colitis, lnn. affected
  • Car: Proliferative
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13
Q

Classical Swine Fever

A
  • Flaviviridae -> Pestivirus (highly resistant)
  • Infection: oronasal -> tonsils, regional lnn. -> viraemia
  • Lesions: haemor. in skin, lnn., filtr., GIT, rectum, bladder
  • Typical form (all age): without sec. inf.; peracute/acute/subacute/chronic, with sec. inf.: S.cholerasuis (septicaemia, enterocolitis), other (septicaemia), Cl.septicum (Köves dis.)
  • Atypical form (fetus): abortion, stillbirth, mummification, dev. anomalies, congenital tremor type 1
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14
Q

African swine fever

A

ASF: Asfarviridae -> Asfivirus genus -> African Swine Fever Virus

  • V. complex, exceptional genetic variability, extrem. Infectious, no neutralizing ABs, no vaccine
  • Lesions: as CSF. Bloody, mucoid, foamy nasal discharge.
  • High fever, anorexia, skin hemor., bloody diarrhoea, abortions
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15
Q

Swine dysentery

A
  • Brachyspira hyodysenteriae (Gr-, anaerobic, motile rod, strong B-haemolysis, indole+, facultative)
  • Any age – mainly 4-22 w. old
  • CS: depression, inappetence, fever, thin mucohemorrhagic diarrhea
  • Lesions: colon (not other organs, mes. Lnn. intact) – congestion, mucosal thickening, prolif. of goblet cells – mucus prod., focal hemorrhages, diffuse supf. necerotic enteritis, sec. pathogens->deep
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16
Q

Proliferative enteropathy of swine (PPE)

A
  • Lawsonia intercellularos (obligate IC, apical part of cytoplasm of cells)
  • Any age – mainly 4-22 w. old
  • CS: mild depression, inappetence, NO fever, thin cowpat-like brownish-red diarrhea w. undig. food, sometimes bloody – NOT mucoid
  • Lesions: ileum + upper colon (not other organs, mes. Lnn. intact)
  • 4 forms based on pathology:
    1. Haemorrhagic enteropathy
    2. Intestinal adenomatosis (classic, most freq.) – loss of goblet cells, thickened ileum
    3. Necrotic enteritis. Secondary bacterias + prolif. cells
    4. Regional ileitis: rare, prolif., necrosis, thickened ileum – “hosepipe gut”
  • 3 forms based on CS: 1. Acute (older pigs, hemorrhagic, sudden death), 2. Chronic (any age, prod. loss, scatter), 3.Subclinical (prod. loss)
17
Q

Intestinal coccidiosis

A
  • Sp. Specific Eimeria spp., predisp. factors help (overcrowding)
  • Multiplies in int. epith. – damage - enteritis
  • Bloody diarrhoea
  • Eq: E.leuckarti (SI, catarrhal inflam.)
  • Cattle: E.zuerni (SI, catarrhal inflam.), E.bovis + E.ellipsoidalis (LI, inflam., haem.)
  • Sheep: E.parva (LI, haem.)
  • Goat: E.arlongi (SI, haem.)
  • Pig: I.suis (SI, diarrhoea, no blood)
18
Q

Equine infectious anaemia

A
  • Retroviridae -> Lentivirus (arbovirus, transplacental, iatrogenic)
  • Inf. horse: life-long carriers, non curable -> transmission -> viraemia -> lymphoreticular tissues
  • Fever, anaemia, icterus, fluid in serous cavities, enlarged liver (nutmeg), hemorrhages, edemas, dark hyperemic sometimes spotted spleen, glomerulonephritis
  • Acute: 1w-3m – Fever, Liver siderocytes
  • Chronic: 3-12 m., fever, enlarged liver (nutmeg)
19
Q

Anthrax

A

Bacillus anthrax – zoonotic, gram+, spore-forming

  • Inhalation/per os/per cutan
  • Acute (general) septicaemia or local forms: pharyngeal (su, Car), intestinal (carbunculus, cattle, horse), lungs (su, Hu), skin (carbunculus, pustule maligna, all)
20
Q

Swine erysipelas

A
  • Erysipelohtrix rhusiopathiae (Gr+, zoonotic)
  • Pigs, lambs, birds, Hu – at particular seasons or districts
  • Predisp. factors: immunosuppressed, crowding, weather, transportation, shearing, stropping of feathers
  • Forms: 1.Acute septic (diamond skin) 2. Skin 3. Chronic (serous polyarthritis)
21
Q

Streptococcus septicaemia of pigs

A
  • Streptococcus suis: serotype 2, also S. porcinus, S.equi subsp. equisimilis
  • Predisp. factors: immunosuppressed, crowding, anaemia, low colostrum intake, skin lesions, stressors, viral inf. (PCV-2, PRRS, Aujeszky´s)
  • Per oral/per cutan -> circ. via tonsils -> macrophages -> joints + through BBB to meninges
  • Forms: 1. Acute septic 2. Prolonged septicaemia
22
Q

Malignant catarrhal fever

A 
-Herpesviridae – Rhadinovirus -> 
Caprine HV-2 (goats)
Ovine HV-2 (sheep)
Alcelaphine HV-1 (wild beasts)
-Erosion+encrustation on muzzle, catarrhal+purulent nasal discharge, lacrimation, corneal opacity
23
Q

Rhinitis of swine

A

A. Atrophic rhinitis: Bordatella bronchiseptica + P. multocida (prod. derma-necrotoxin) – synergistic inf. – vertical transmission
B. Inclusion body rhinitis: Beta-Herpesvirus – Porcine Herpesvirus 2 – vertical+horizontal trans.
-Young piglets, nasal discharge, serous-purulent rhinitis, incl.bodies

24
Q

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

A
  • Herpesviridae (+alpha-Herpesvirinae + Simplexvirus)
  • Worldwide
  • Aerogenous inf.
  • Serous inflam., microbronchitis
25
Q

Fumonisin toxicosis in horse and swine

A
  • Fusarium moniliforme – Fumonisin-B1-toxin
  • Equine encephalomalacia – EE: vascular endothelial damage -> edema
  • Acute Porcine pulmonary edema – APPE: lung edema, hydrothorax, L-sided heart failure
26
Q

Bovine viral pneumonias

A
  1. Bovine Rhintotracheitis virus pneumonia – Herpes (BHV-1)
    - Direct contact/airborne
    - Forms: Respiratory, genital, conjunctivitis, abortion, encephalitis
  2. Parainfluenza virus pneumonia – Paramyxoviridae - Respirovirus (PI-3)
    - Airborne
    - Multiplies in cytoplasm of bronchus epithel. (inclusion bodies)
  3. Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus pneumonia – Paramyxov. - Pneumovirus
    - Airborne
    - Multiplies in alveoli+bronchus epithel., formation of hyaline membrane, syncytia (multinucleated giant cells), acute bronchitis, coughing, interstitial pneumonia
  4. Bovine Adenoviral pneumo-enteritis – Adenovirus (BAdV-1-10)
    - Oral/airborne
    - From lymphoid organs, intralobular interstitial pneumonia, giant cells, nuclear inclusion bodies, necrotizing microbronchitis, bronchi obturation, lobular atalectasia, sec. bronchioalv. pn.
  5. Bovine Viral Diarrhea pneumonia – Flaviviridae-Pestivirus (BHDV-1)
    - Per os/aerogenous/transplacental
    - Multiplies in lymphoid cells – immunosup., predisp. for 2nd inf.
    - Serous, desquamative, catarrhal, purulent bronchioalveolar pn. – cran. lobes
27
Q

Bacterial pneumonias of cattle

A
  1. Pasteurellosis: Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasterurella multocida A
    - Acute: “shipping fever”, Chronic: Chronic Resp. Disorder/Syndrome – CRDS
    - Croupous bronchiopneumonia + pleuritis
  2. Histophilus somni pneumonia: Thromboemnbolic meningoencephalitis
    - Fibrinous bronchitis, haem. catarrhal croupous pneu. Hemorrhagic infarcts in brain. Necrosis of perivascular tissues.
  3. Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia: Mycoplasma mycoides
    - Lobar croupous pleuropneu. Thrombosis. Fibrinous pleuritis…
  4. Interstitial pneumonia
    a) “Fog fever”: Acute Bovine Pulmonary Emphysema + Edema (ABPEE)
    b) “Farmers lung”: inhalation of Micropolyspora faeni from mouldy hay – hypersens. type III
28
Q

Lung tuberculosis of cattle

A
  • Mycobacterium bovis, M.tuberculosis, M.avium
  • Gram+, coccoid rods, acid+alcohol fast, ZN+, Zoonotic, obligatory pathogens, multiplies IC
  • Forms: Tubercle formation (type IV hsr), Predom. proliferative changes, Predom. exudative changes
  • Localized are of inflam. + granuloma formation (tuberculum; epithelioid cells + Langerhans type giant cells - surrounded by leukocytes), exudation, infiltration
  • Fatty degen., central coag. necrosis/caseation
  • Pinhead size, greyish-white, shining foci – necrosis. Larger, opaque, caseated in centre. Granulation tissue in surrounding.
29
Q

Viral pneumonias of swine

A
  1. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome: Arteriviridae – PRRS virus
  2. Aujeszky´s disease (pseudorabies): Porcine Herpesvirus 1 – interstitial pneu.
    - PMWS – Post Weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome
    - PDNS – P. Dermatitis Nephropathy Syndrome
  3. Swine flu virus: Porcine Influenza A virus, H1N1, H3N2 (zoonotic)
    - Necrotic bronchitis-broncholitis, bronchointerstitial pneu., catarrhal-purulent exudate
  4. Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus
  5. Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV-2) – Proliferating necrotizing pneumonia
30
Q

Bacterial pneumonias of swine

A
  1. Mycoplasmosis – M.hyopneumoniae: highly contag. suppurative bronchopneu.
    - 2nd. Bacterial inf. PRDC-Porcine Resp. Dis. Complex
  2. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae: Haem.-fibrinous necrotizing pleuropneum.
  3. Bordetella bronchiseptica: suckling piglets; 1nd pathogen – Haem.-necrotizing bp., older pigs; mycoplasma-pneu.
  4. Systemic Bacterial Respiratory Tract Infection: Salmonella cholerasuis, S. typhisuis
    - S.cholerasuis: haem.-necr.pleuropneu. S.typh.: necrotic lesions
  5. Embolic pneumonia: Multifocal distribution. Inflam. foci. Usually w. pleuritis.
  6. Arcanobacterium (Actinomyces) pyogenes: purulent pneu. w. multiple abcess formation
31
Q

Viral pneumonias of small ruminants

A
  1. Adenoviral-pneumoenteritis: Ovine Adenovirus 6, Bovine AdV-2
    - 1nd: Intralobular interstitial pneu., 2nd: Secondary bronchioalveolar pneu.
  2. Maedi-Visna (sheep+goat): Retroviridae -> Lentivirus
    - Maedi: suffocation (lungs), Visna: wasting (CNS). Chronic interstitial pneu.
  3. Caprine arthritis-encephalitis: Retroviridae -> Lentivirus
    - Endemic, chronic, similar to Maedi-Visna - focal/diffuse interstitial pneu.
  4. Sheep+Goatpox: Poxviridae -> Chordopoxv. -> Capripoxvirus
    - Multipli. in bronchial epith.
  5. Pulmonary adenomatosis: Retroviridae - “jaagsiekte”/”driving sickness”
    - Bronchioalveolar adenocarcinoma (malignant transform.)
32
Q

Bacterial pneumonias of small ruminants

A
  1. Pasterurella-pneu.- P.multocida+Mannheimia haemolytica: Croupous pneu.
  2. Mycoplasma Capricalum: Croupous pneu.
  3. Mycoplasma-pneumonia - M.ovipneumoniae, M.capriolum subsp. carpiolum, M. mycoides subsp. Mycoides + capri: serous-catarrhal bronchiolitis, interstitial pneu.
  4. Pseudotuberculosis - Corynebacterium pseudoTB: necrosis, onion-like nodules
  5. Chlamydophila psittaci: interstitial pneu., later bronchoalveolar pneu.
  6. TB - M.bovis+M.TB: tuberculum formation, large nodules
33
Q

Parasitic and fungal pneumonias of small ruminants

A
  • Parasites: Dictyocaulus filaria (bronchi), Müllerius capillaris, Cystocaulus ochreatus, Protostrongylus rufescens, Neostrongylus linearis
  • Fungi: Aspergillus ssp.
34
Q

Tumors of the ovine respiratory tract

A
  1. Pulmonary adenomatosis – Retrovirus
  2. ENA - Enzootic Nasal Adenocarcinoma
  3. Lung tumors
  4. Carcinomas
35
Q

Pneumonias of horses

A
  1. Broncho-interstitial pneu. – Equine influenza, EHV-1, EHV-4
  2. Bronchopneu.: Catarrhal-purulent, Fibrinous: Strep. equi ssp. equi (zooepidemicus), Bordetella bronchiseptica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staph. sp., necrotic/gangrenous: aspiration pneu. (anatomical predisp./iatrogenic/CNS involvement)
  3. Focal/multifocal pneu.: septic thromboembolism related pneu.
  4. Pyogranulomatous pneu.: Rhodococcus equi, Glanders (Burkholderia mallei), fungal; Apsergillus, pneumocytosis
  5. Other: Rhinovirus, Reovirus, Equine arteritis virus, Adenovirus, African swine fever (Reov.->Orbivirus), Hendra virus (Paramyxov.->Morbillivirus), Chlamydophilia psittaci, Idiopathic proliferative interstitial pneu.
36
Q

Malleus

A

(=Glanders) – Burkholderia mallei: zoonotic, gram+, oblig. aerobic, non-motile, obligate pathogen

  • Per os/per cutan/conjunctival/aerogenous
  • Acute (septicaemia, bronchopneu., death in days), Chronic (granulomatous changes)
  • Lesions: malleotic nodule (granuloma), predom. exudative+prolif. form
37
Q

Pathological changes due to Rhodococcus equi infection in horses

A

-Pyogranulomatous ulcerative enterocolitis, epithel. ulceration, subcut. abscesses, purulent lymphadenitis, suppurative arthritis, pleuritis, purulent osteomyelitis, proliferation in macrophages and giant cells

Pathology (11 decks)

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