Abdominal organs Flashcards
1
Q
Inflammations of the pancreas.
A
- Inflam.: sec. to ischaemia
- Causes: physical (trauma, surgery), chemical (toxicosis: dicumarol, uremia, drugs), viral (swine fever, rubarths, rabies), bacterial (ascending, haematogenous), obesity, latent DM, free catabolic enzymes, post obstructive changes
- Forms: Acute serous/hemorrhagic / purulent / chronic pancreatitis
2
Q
Tumours of the pancreas
A
- Tumors of exocrine p.: rare, older female dogs (+spaniel), 85% adenosarcoma
- Tumors of neuro-endocrine p.: insulinoma, gastrinoma, lipomas, glucagonoma, PPoma, VIPoma
3
Q
Diabetes mellitus in dogs
A
- DM: chronic disorder of carb. Metabolism due to relative or absolute insulin def.
- Primary: Type I (IDDM – insuf. Prod. of insulin by p.) and Type II (NIDDM, inadeq. Response of body cells to insulin)
- Secondary: other hormonal dysfunctions, e.g. Cushing´s
- Gestation type: hypersecretion of sexual hormones
- Pancreas: firm, nodular, areas of hemorrhages/necrosis, hyalinosis/amyloidosis/sclerosis of islets
- Hepatomegaly, cataracts, sec. and/or chronic inf. (cystitis, prostatitis, bronchopneum,, dermatitis, glomerulosclerosis)
4
Q
Regressive changes of the liver
A
- Atrophy: Generalized/diffuse / Partial / Intralobular
- Cloudy swelling (acute): toxic/infectious injuries
- Hydropic + vacuolar degen.: water metabolism disorder
- Hyaline degen.: 1. IC-“Hyaline droplet” degen. 2. EC-Stromal/EC hyaline degen.
- Incr. deposit. of glycogen: hyperglycemia, drug-induced, dogs; early stage of DM
- Dist. in glycogen storage: adv. DM, atrophy-causing diseases, advanced pregnancy in cows
- Amyloidosis: pathologi protein deposit in liver (EC), esp. horse+poultry – Primary / Secondary (=systemic/classic)
- Fatty infiltration: (=Lipidosis): focal/diffuse, simple/necrobiotic – Hypoxemic / Toxic / P-intox.
- Pigmentation: Lipofuschin granules, Bile pigment deposition, Patchy melanosis, Incr. Hemosiderin content
- Necrosis of hepatocytes: circ./met. Disorders, toxins, viruses, solitary, nodular, massive
5
Q
Metabolic disturbances of the liver
A
- Bleeding tendencies
- Hypoalbuminemia
- Vascular and hemodynamic alterations
- Photosensitazion
6
Q
Fatty liver syndrome in dairy cattle
A
- Multifactorial condition occurring in post-partum cows, parallel w. lactation.
- Incr. E demand, can´t be satisf. by food intake -> NEB -> excessive fat mobilization + KB´s.
7
Q
Hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis (dystrophy of the liver)
A
- Necrosis:
- Focal cell apoptosis: single cell/multicellular
- Zonal cell apoptosis: Centrolobular / Peripheral
- Degeneration = dystrophy of liver = hepatosis -> any non-inflam. functional disorder
- Extensice damage of parenchymal cells
- Cellular lesions: necrosis, fatty infil., vacuolar degen.
- Regressive changes: dietetical factors, hypoxia, toxical effects (mycotoxins, chemicals, plants)
- Macroscopic findings: enlarged, rigid, greyish (yellowish) and red areas, centrolobular liver dystrophy
8
Q
Hepatosis dietetica in swine
A
- Causes:
- Dist. of nutrition; high peroxide conc. in feed
- Less glycogene in hepatocytes
- Vit.E/Se/Cys+Met deficiency
- Peracute/acute/subacute/chronic
- Lesions: massive liver dystrophy – atrophia flava hepatis, exudate in serous cavities, dystrophy of myocardium and skeletal m., catarrhal gastroenteritis, hemorrahic ulceration in stomach, fibrinoid necrosis of vessel wall, yellow-fat disease
9
Q
Hepatitis
A
- Acute/sub-acute/chronic
- Diffuse/circumscribed/focal multiplex/local extensive
- Routes: hematogenous/direct penetration/ascending from biliary system
1. Serous 2. Purulent 3. Ichorous 4. Traumatic 5. Emphysematous (gas-oedema) 6. Granulomatous 7. Necrotic 8. Interstitial 9. Restricted to serous membrane (perihepatitis)
10
Q
Viral and parasitic infections of the liver
A
- Viral infections:
1. Rubarth´s disease (CAV-1, Infectious Canine Hepatitis)
2. Rift Walley fever (Bunyaviridae, Phlebovirus sp.)
3. EIA - Equine Infectious anaemia (Retrovirus)
4. Duck Viral Hepatitis - Parasitic:
1. Entamoeba Histolytica
2. Biliary Coccidiosis (rabbit, E. stiedai)
3. Toxoplasma Gondii
4. Liver+Lancet+Cat liver Fluke
5. Capillaria hepatica
6. Tapeworm (Echinococcus, Cysticercosis)
11
Q
Liver chirrosis/fibrosis
A
- Generalized (diffuse) formation of scar tissue associated w. liver cell necrosis (inflam.) and ineffective regenerative liver cell nodules/pseudolobules, deranged liver structure.
- Repeated/long-lasting -> regressive changes -> necrotized hepatocytes replaced w. CT.
- Biliary, multifocal or diffuse.
1. Atropic liver cirrhosis
a) Granular cirrhosis: smaller, sharp edge, uneven surface w. foci, firm, greyish-yellowish nodules
b) Postnecrotic cirrhosis: larger regenerative islets, adenoma-like nodules
2. Hypertropic liver cirrhosis: Ø definitive hepatocyte destruction, due to plant toxins/endemic - Conseq.: decr. liver function, ascites, posthepatic/hepatotoxic icterus, circ. problems, sepsis, hepatic encephalopathy
- Fibrosis: excessive accum. of EC matrix proteins in chronic liver disease
12
Q
Abnormal content of the abdominal cavity
A
-Transudate (stagnation)
-Exudate (inflammation)
-FB´s (from outside/GIT)
FILL IN MORE
13
Q
Peritonitis
A
- Generalized/diffuse/circumscribed, primary/secondary, acute/chronic
- Due to viruses (FIP), bacteria (H.parasuis), chemicals, parasites, mechanical
- Conseq.: metastases, autointox.
- Forms: serous, sero-fibrinous, fibrinous, purulent/abcess, putrid
14
Q
Tumors of peritoneum
A
- Mesothelioma
- Lipoma
- Haemangiosarcoma
- Melanosarcoma
- Fibroma
- Lymphangioma
- Ganglioneuroma
- Myxoma
15
Q
Circulatory disturbances in the spleen
A
- Hyperemia: incr. blood flow – Acute active/Passive (congestion, acute/chronic)
- Infarcts: small localized area of dead tissue resulting from failure of blood supply (marginal/non-marginal)
- Ischaemia: inadeq. blood supply, diffuse (acute/chronic), circumscribed (focal/multifocal)
- Hemorrhages: trauma, infection, toxic, hemor. diathesis, suffocation, mixed
