Heart and circulation

Question 1

Developmental anomalies of the heart

Answer 1

• Congenital/acquired
• Heart tube (agenesia, hypoplasia, ectopia), septae, valves, endocardium, Tr.arteriosus, Ao. Arch
  1. Double aortic arch
  2. Agenesia/hypoplasia
  3. Endotopic cordis
  4. Endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE): muscular thickening
  5. Failure of closure of fetal CV shunts: patents ductus arteriosus, A septal defect, V septal defect
  6. Tetralogy of fallot: V septal defect, pulmonal stenosis, dextraposition of Ao, RV hypertrophy
  7. Failure of normal valvular development: pulmonic stenosis, sub Ao stenosis
  8. Malposition of the great vessels: dextraposition of Ao arch

Question 2

Abnormal content in the pericardium

Answer 2

1. Hydropericardium
2. Haemopericardium
3. Urate deposits

Question 3

Circulatory disturbances

Answer 3

• Hemorrhages, petechiae, ecchymoses

- Thrombosis+Embolism

Question 4

Pericarditis

Answer 4

1. Sero-fibrinous: Cattle; Pasteruellosis, Coliform, Strep., Sporadic Bovine Encephalomyelitis, Small Ru; Pasteruellosis, Strep., Su; Glässer´s disease, Mycoplasma pneumonia, Salmonellosis, septicaemia, Foals; septicaemia, Dogs; Distemper, Rabbits; Pasteruellosis, Hares; Tularaemia, Poultry; Chlam., Pasteruellosis…
2. Suppurative/ichorous: cattle; TRP-Traumatic ReticuloPeritonitis, dog; Nocarida, Actinomyces
3. Constructive: extensive fibrous proliferation, restricts diastolic filling

Question 5

Regressive changes in the heart muscle

Answer 5

1. Cloudy swelling
2. Fatty degeneration -> anaemia, toxaemia
3. Hydropic degeneration: Doxorubicin toxicity, autointox.
4. Lipofuscinosis: age, cachexia
5. Myofibrillar degeneration: Furazolidone toxicity in birds
6. Myocardial necrosis:
   - Nutritional def. (Se, Vit.E, Thiamine, K+)
   - Toxicities (drugs, plants, T-2 mycotoxins, uraemia, vit.D)
   - Physical injuries+shock (CNS injury, stress)

Question 6

Myocarditis

Answer 6

• Non-infectious: allergies, drugs, toxins, trauma
• Infectious (mostly):
  
  • Viruses: Parvo-, FMD, Encephalomyocarditis, Canine Distemper, Newcastle disease, Avian Encephalomyelitis
  • Bacteria: Cl. chauvoei, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus piliformis, F.necrophorum, Actinobacillus equuli, Mycobacterium, Strep., Staph.
• Forms: 1. Serous, 2. Lympho-histiocytic, 3. Purulent 4. Ichorous 5. Eosinophilic 6. Necrotic

Question 7

Endocarditis

Answer 7

-Causes: mostly bacteria, hematogenous dissemination, pathogenic/parasitic migration, IV and IC catheters, uremia-induced vascular damage
A. Valvular endocarditis
B. Parietal endocarditis (lesions on wall)
-Endocarditis fibroplastica, -simplex, -verrucosa, -thrombo-ulcerosa

Question 8

Endocardosis

Answer 8

-Endocardosis: Regressice changes of endocardium (esp. valves)
-Valves: smooth+shiny+thickened+shortened, chordate tendinae: thickened, can rupture
A. Endocardial fibrosis: diffuse/focal, congenital/acquired
B. Endocaridal mineralization: due to uremia, VESD (lamb), Vit.D intox.

Question 9

Organic heart changes (changes of the valves and orifices of the heart)

Answer 9

?

Question 10

Changes of cavities and measurements of the heart

Answer 10

• Enlargement of the heart:
  1. Dilation: tonogen (incr. pumping efficacy)/myogen (decr.)
  2. Concentric hypertrophy: due to incr. pressure load
  3. Excentric hypertrophy: due to incr. volume load
  4. Cardiac aneurism: due to regressive changes
• Causes of diff. forms:
  
  • RV hypertrophy: Pulm. stenosis, Dirofilariosis, Chronic alveolar emphysema, High Altitude Disease
  • LV hypertrophy: congenital/acquired Ao stenosis
  • Biventricular hypertrophy: primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, congenital anomalies

Question 11

Cardiomyopathies

Answer 11

1. Primary: uknown cause, primary dysfunction
2. Secondary: due to pre-existing abnorm. -> cardiac muscle dysfunction
   - Forms: HCMP – Hypertrophic (of LV wall), DCMP – Dilated (both V´s), Restrictive (impaired V filling, due to endocardial fibrosis, amyloidosis or firboelastosis)

Question 12

Pathologic changes of the arteries: changes of continuity and stenosis

Answer 12

• Changes of continuity:
  1. Perforation
  2. Rupture of Ao/P.a. – traumatic/spontaneous/other
• Changes in lumen - stenosis:
  1. Aneurism
  2. Arterial hypertrophy
  3. Thrombo-embolism

Question 13

Aneurism

Answer 13

= weakening of an artery wall that creates a bulge/distention

• True/false
• Causes: idiopathic, Cu def., parasites
• Conseq.: inelasticity, thinning, rupture

Question 14

Regressive changes of arteries

Answer 14

-Regressive changes: physiol./pathol.; 1. Hyalinosis 2. Fibrinoid degen. 3. Amyloidosis 4. Fatty infiltration 5. Necrosis 6. Arteriosclerosis

Question 15

Inflammation of arteries

Answer 15

• Forms:
  1. Bacterial/viral infection
  2. Autoimmune
  3. Parasitic inf.
  4. Panarteritis nodosa
• Location: Intima (endarteritis), Media (mesoarteritis), Adventitia (periarteritis), all three (panarteritis)

Question 16

Abnormal content of the thoracic cavity.

Answer 16

• Abd. organs
• FBs
• Air/gases (pneumothorax)
• Blood (haemothorax)
• Transudate/exudate (hydrothorax)
• Lymph
• Tumors

Question 17

Pleuritis

Answer 17

• Acute/chronic, primary/secondary
• Due to bacterial infection, pneumonia, changes due to systemic disease
• Routes of inf.: direct (from lungs), abcessation, hemato-lymphogenous, traumas
• Types: serous, serofibrinous, fibrinous, suppurative/purulent, ichorous/putrefactive (reticuloperitonitis)
• Conseq.: acc. of inflam. exudate, lung atelactesia, circ. dist., autointox.