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PTHO > ✅ Patho - Cellular Response to Injury > Flashcards

✅ Patho - Cellular Response to Injury Flashcards

1
Q

What caused SER Hypertrophy in the liver?

A

Barbiturates

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2
Q

Stimulus for the hypertrophy of the uterus during pregnancy

A

Estrogen

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3
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

Increase in the number of cells

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4
Q

Mechanisms of atrophy

A

Dec protein synthesis

Inc protein degradation (ubiquitin proteosome pathway) and autophagy

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5
Q

Usual cause of metaplasia

A

Chronic irritation

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6
Q

Most common metaplasia

A

Squamous metaplasia

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7
Q

Examples of squamous metaplasia

A

Vit A deficiency, smokers

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8
Q

Ex of squamous to columnar metaplasia

A

Barrett esophagus

Cervical cancer

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9
Q

Ex of connective tissue metaplasia

A

Myositis ossificans

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10
Q

First manifestation of reversible cell injury

A

Hydropic changes/Vacuolar degeneration

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11
Q

Which transport mechanism in a cell is automatically activated once cellular swelling occurs?

A

Na K ATPase pump

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12
Q

Eosinophilia is seen in necrosis. T or F

A

T

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12
Q

What are myelin figures?

A

Whorled phospholipid precipitates derived from damaged cell membranes; phagocytized or degraded into fatty acids which in turn may lead to calcium soap formation.

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12
Q

Nuclear changes

A

Karyolysis
Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis

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12
Q

Differentiate:

Karyolysis
Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis

A

Karyolysis - basophilia and fading of chromatin
Pyknosis - shrinkage and basophilia
Karyorrhexis - fragmentation

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12
Q

Localized area of coagulative necrosis

A

Infarct

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12
Q

What happens to architecture if dead tissues in coag necrosis compared to caseous?

A

In coag, archi is preserved for a few days while in caseation, archi is not preserved

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12
Q

End product of liquefactive necrosis

A

Pus (digestion of dead cells)

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12
Q

Brain undergoes what type of necrosis

A

Liquefactive

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12
Q

Granuloma formation happens in what type of necrosis?

A

Caseation

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12
Q

Other than TB, what are the other causes of caseation necrosis?

A

Caseate my CHS

CCHS

Cryptococcosis
Coccidiomycosis
Histoplasmosis
Syphilis

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13
Q

In fat necrosis, fatty acids combine with calcium to produce grossly visible chalky white areas

A

Saponification

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14
Q

2 types of fat necrosis

A

Enzymatic

Traumatic

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15
Q

In acute pancreatitis, what electrolyte abnormality occurs as a result of saponification?

A

Hypocalcemia (saponification consumes calcium)

16
Q

Components and morphology of fibrinoid necrosis

A

Immune complexes + fibrin

Bright pink and amorphous

17
Q

Which membrane bound organelle undergo apoptosis after they have completed their function

A

Lysososmes

18
Q

Most characteristic feature of apoptosis when viewed under a microscope

A

Chromatin condensation

19
Q

Marker for cells undergoing apoptosis

A

Caspases

20
Q

During apoptosis, dna when visualized during electrophoresis are known as?

A

DNA ladders

21
Q

Movement of _____from inner leaflet to the outer leaflet of the cell happens in apoptosis

A

Phosphatidylserine

22
Q

Membrane alterations and recognitions by phagocytes in apoptosis is detected by what stain?

A

Annexin V

23
Q

Bad boys of apoptosis

A

Bax
Bak
Bcl-2

24
Q

In autophagy, organelles are sequestered from the cytoplasm in an

A

Autophagic vacuole

25
Q

What are the most common causes of fatty liver?

A

Alcoholism

Nonalcoholic fatty liver (diabetes, obesity)

26
Q

Steatosis is due to the accumulation of

A

TGL

27
Q

Steatosis is stained using

A

Sudan IV or oil RED-O

28
Q

Steatosis in the heart looks like

A

Uniform or with alternating bands of yellow and red (tigered effect)

29
Q

Strawberry gallbladder

A

Cholesterolosis

30
Q

In xanthoma or xanthelasma, lipids are found where?

A

Subcutaneous tissue

31
Q

In cholesterolosis, lipids deposit in the

A

Lamina propria of the GB

32
Q

Triad of hemochromatosis

A

Micronodular cirrhosis
DM
Skin pigmentation

33
Q

Excess of normally secreted proteins in multiple myeloma

A

Russell bodies

34
Q

Accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins in alzheimers

A

Neurofibrillary tangles

35
Q

Hyaline arteriosclerosis appears as

A

Homigenous glassy pink appearance on H and E

36
Q

Most common exogenous pigment deposited

A

Carbon

37
Q

Define anthracosis

A

when carbon blackens the tissues of the lungs

38
Q

Wear and tear pigment

A

Lipofuscin

39
Q

Lipofuscin accumulates in the colon follwing prolonged use of anthraquinone containing laxatives. What is this clinical condition called?

A

Melanosis coli

40
Q

Hemosiderin is visualized using what stain

A

Prussian blue

41
Q

With prussian blue staining, iron is converted to blue black ____

A

Ferric ferrocyanide

42
Q

Hereditaryextreme accumulation of iron

A

Hemachromomatosis

43
Q

What is the most frequent cause of acquired hemochromatosis?

A

Repeated blood transfusions

44
Q

Treatment for hemachromatosis

A

Phlebotomy, chelation (deferoxamine, deferasirox)

45
Q

Psammoma bodies are found in which disorders

A

PSaMMoma

Papillary thyroid ca
Serous cystandenoca of ovaries
Meningioma
Mesothelioma

46
Q

Occur in normal tissues due to hypercalcemia

A

Metastatic calcification

47
Q

2 types of calcification

A

Dystrophic and metastatic

48
Q

Which type of lung ca causes paraneoplastic ca?

A

Squamous cell ca

49
Q

What type of lung ca causes paraneoplastic SIADH and Cushings syndrome

A

Small cell lung CA

PTHO (34 decks)

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