✅ Patho - Cellular Response to Injury Flashcards
What caused SER Hypertrophy in the liver?
Barbiturates
Stimulus for the hypertrophy of the uterus during pregnancy
Estrogen
Define hyperplasia
Increase in the number of cells
Mechanisms of atrophy
Dec protein synthesis
Inc protein degradation (ubiquitin proteosome pathway) and autophagy
Usual cause of metaplasia
Chronic irritation
Most common metaplasia
Squamous metaplasia
Examples of squamous metaplasia
Vit A deficiency, smokers
Ex of squamous to columnar metaplasia
Barrett esophagus
Cervical cancer
Ex of connective tissue metaplasia
Myositis ossificans
First manifestation of reversible cell injury
Hydropic changes/Vacuolar degeneration
Which transport mechanism in a cell is automatically activated once cellular swelling occurs?
Na K ATPase pump
Eosinophilia is seen in necrosis. T or F
T
What are myelin figures?
Whorled phospholipid precipitates derived from damaged cell membranes; phagocytized or degraded into fatty acids which in turn may lead to calcium soap formation.
Nuclear changes
Karyolysis
Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis
Differentiate:
Karyolysis
Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis
Karyolysis - basophilia and fading of chromatin
Pyknosis - shrinkage and basophilia
Karyorrhexis - fragmentation
Localized area of coagulative necrosis
Infarct
What happens to architecture if dead tissues in coag necrosis compared to caseous?
In coag, archi is preserved for a few days while in caseation, archi is not preserved
End product of liquefactive necrosis
Pus (digestion of dead cells)
Brain undergoes what type of necrosis
Liquefactive
Granuloma formation happens in what type of necrosis?
Caseation
Other than TB, what are the other causes of caseation necrosis?
Caseate my CHS
CCHS
Cryptococcosis
Coccidiomycosis
Histoplasmosis
Syphilis
In fat necrosis, fatty acids combine with calcium to produce grossly visible chalky white areas
Saponification
2 types of fat necrosis
Enzymatic
Traumatic
In acute pancreatitis, what electrolyte abnormality occurs as a result of saponification?
Hypocalcemia (saponification consumes calcium)
Components and morphology of fibrinoid necrosis
Immune complexes + fibrin
Bright pink and amorphous
Which membrane bound organelle undergo apoptosis after they have completed their function
Lysososmes
Most characteristic feature of apoptosis when viewed under a microscope
Chromatin condensation
Marker for cells undergoing apoptosis
Caspases
During apoptosis, dna when visualized during electrophoresis are known as?
DNA ladders
Movement of _____from inner leaflet to the outer leaflet of the cell happens in apoptosis
Phosphatidylserine
Membrane alterations and recognitions by phagocytes in apoptosis is detected by what stain?
Annexin V
Bad boys of apoptosis
Bax
Bak
Bcl-2
In autophagy, organelles are sequestered from the cytoplasm in an
Autophagic vacuole
What are the most common causes of fatty liver?
Alcoholism
Nonalcoholic fatty liver (diabetes, obesity)
Steatosis is due to the accumulation of
TGL
Steatosis is stained using
Sudan IV or oil RED-O
Steatosis in the heart looks like
Uniform or with alternating bands of yellow and red (tigered effect)
Strawberry gallbladder
Cholesterolosis
In xanthoma or xanthelasma, lipids are found where?
Subcutaneous tissue
In cholesterolosis, lipids deposit in the
Lamina propria of the GB
Triad of hemochromatosis
Micronodular cirrhosis
DM
Skin pigmentation
Excess of normally secreted proteins in multiple myeloma
Russell bodies
Accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins in alzheimers
Neurofibrillary tangles
Hyaline arteriosclerosis appears as
Homigenous glassy pink appearance on H and E
Most common exogenous pigment deposited
Carbon
Define anthracosis
when carbon blackens the tissues of the lungs
Wear and tear pigment
Lipofuscin
Lipofuscin accumulates in the colon follwing prolonged use of anthraquinone containing laxatives. What is this clinical condition called?
Melanosis coli
Hemosiderin is visualized using what stain
Prussian blue
With prussian blue staining, iron is converted to blue black ____
Ferric ferrocyanide
Hereditaryextreme accumulation of iron
Hemachromomatosis
What is the most frequent cause of acquired hemochromatosis?
Repeated blood transfusions
Treatment for hemachromatosis
Phlebotomy, chelation (deferoxamine, deferasirox)
Psammoma bodies are found in which disorders
PSaMMoma
Papillary thyroid ca
Serous cystandenoca of ovaries
Meningioma
Mesothelioma
Occur in normal tissues due to hypercalcemia
Metastatic calcification
2 types of calcification
Dystrophic and metastatic
Which type of lung ca causes paraneoplastic ca?
Squamous cell ca
What type of lung ca causes paraneoplastic SIADH and Cushings syndrome
Small cell lung CA
