✅ Patho - Cellular Response to Injury

Question 1

What caused SER Hypertrophy in the liver?

Answer 1

Barbiturates

Question 2

Stimulus for the hypertrophy of the uterus during pregnancy

Answer 2

Estrogen

Question 3

Define hyperplasia

Answer 3

Increase in the number of cells

Question 4

Mechanisms of atrophy

Answer 4

Dec protein synthesis

Inc protein degradation (ubiquitin proteosome pathway) and autophagy

Question 5

Usual cause of metaplasia

Answer 5

Chronic irritation

Question 6

Most common metaplasia

Answer 6

Squamous metaplasia

Question 7

Examples of squamous metaplasia

Answer 7

Vit A deficiency, smokers

Question 8

Ex of squamous to columnar metaplasia

Answer 8

Barrett esophagus

Cervical cancer

Question 9

Ex of connective tissue metaplasia

Answer 9

Myositis ossificans

Question 10

First manifestation of reversible cell injury

Answer 10

Hydropic changes/Vacuolar degeneration

Question 11

Which transport mechanism in a cell is automatically activated once cellular swelling occurs?

Answer 11

Na K ATPase pump

Question 12

Eosinophilia is seen in necrosis. T or F

Answer 12

T

Question 12

What are myelin figures?

Answer 12

Whorled phospholipid precipitates derived from damaged cell membranes; phagocytized or degraded into fatty acids which in turn may lead to calcium soap formation.

Question 12

Nuclear changes

Answer 12

Karyolysis
Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis

Question 12

Differentiate:

Karyolysis
Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis

Answer 12

Karyolysis - basophilia and fading of chromatin
Pyknosis - shrinkage and basophilia
Karyorrhexis - fragmentation

Question 12

Localized area of coagulative necrosis

Answer 12

Infarct

Question 12

What happens to architecture if dead tissues in coag necrosis compared to caseous?

Answer 12

In coag, archi is preserved for a few days while in caseation, archi is not preserved

Question 12

End product of liquefactive necrosis

Answer 12

Pus (digestion of dead cells)

Question 12

Brain undergoes what type of necrosis

Answer 12

Liquefactive

Question 12

Granuloma formation happens in what type of necrosis?

Answer 12

Caseation

Question 12

Other than TB, what are the other causes of caseation necrosis?

Answer 12

Caseate my CHS

CCHS

Cryptococcosis
Coccidiomycosis
Histoplasmosis
Syphilis

Question 13

In fat necrosis, fatty acids combine with calcium to produce grossly visible chalky white areas

Answer 13

Saponification

Question 14

2 types of fat necrosis

Answer 14

Enzymatic

Traumatic

Question 15

In acute pancreatitis, what electrolyte abnormality occurs as a result of saponification?

Answer 15

Hypocalcemia (saponification consumes calcium)

Question 16

Components and morphology of fibrinoid necrosis

Answer 16

Immune complexes + fibrin Bright pink and amorphous

Question 17

Which membrane bound organelle undergo apoptosis after they have completed their function

Answer 17

Lysososmes

Question 18

Most characteristic feature of apoptosis when viewed under a microscope

Answer 18

Chromatin condensation

Question 19

Marker for cells undergoing apoptosis

Answer 19

Caspases

Question 20

During apoptosis, dna when visualized during electrophoresis are known as?

Answer 20

DNA ladders

Question 21

Movement of _____from inner leaflet to the outer leaflet of the cell happens in apoptosis

Answer 21

Phosphatidylserine

Question 22

Membrane alterations and recognitions by phagocytes in apoptosis is detected by what stain?

Answer 22

Annexin V

Question 23

Bad boys of apoptosis

Answer 23

Bax Bak Bcl-2

Question 24

In autophagy, organelles are sequestered from the cytoplasm in an

Answer 24

Autophagic vacuole

Question 25

What are the most common causes of fatty liver?

Answer 25

Alcoholism | Nonalcoholic fatty liver (diabetes, obesity)

Question 26

Steatosis is due to the accumulation of

Answer 26

TGL

Question 27

Steatosis is stained using

Answer 27

Sudan IV or oil RED-O

Question 28

Steatosis in the heart looks like

Answer 28

Uniform or with alternating bands of yellow and red (tigered effect)

Question 29

Strawberry gallbladder

Answer 29

Cholesterolosis

Question 30

In xanthoma or xanthelasma, lipids are found where?

Answer 30

Subcutaneous tissue

Question 31

In cholesterolosis, lipids deposit in the

Answer 31

Lamina propria of the GB

Question 32

Triad of hemochromatosis

Answer 32

Micronodular cirrhosis DM Skin pigmentation

Question 33

Excess of normally secreted proteins in multiple myeloma

Answer 33

Russell bodies

Question 34

Accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins in alzheimers

Answer 34

Neurofibrillary tangles

Question 35

Hyaline arteriosclerosis appears as

Answer 35

Homigenous glassy pink appearance on H and E

Question 36

Most common exogenous pigment deposited

Answer 36

Carbon

Question 37

Define anthracosis

Answer 37

when carbon blackens the tissues of the lungs

Question 38

Wear and tear pigment

Answer 38

Lipofuscin

Question 39

Lipofuscin accumulates in the colon follwing prolonged use of anthraquinone containing laxatives. What is this clinical condition called?

Answer 39

Melanosis coli

Question 40

Hemosiderin is visualized using what stain

Answer 40

Prussian blue

Question 41

With prussian blue staining, iron is converted to blue black ____

Answer 41

Ferric ferrocyanide

Question 42

Hereditaryextreme accumulation of iron

Answer 42

Hemachromomatosis

Question 43

What is the most frequent cause of acquired hemochromatosis?

Answer 43

Repeated blood transfusions

Question 44

Treatment for hemachromatosis

Answer 44

Phlebotomy, chelation (deferoxamine, deferasirox)

Question 45

Psammoma bodies are found in which disorders

Answer 45

PSaMMoma Papillary thyroid ca Serous cystandenoca of ovaries Meningioma Mesothelioma

Question 46

Occur in normal tissues due to hypercalcemia

Answer 46

Metastatic calcification

Question 47

2 types of calcification

Answer 47

Dystrophic and metastatic

Question 48

Which type of lung ca causes paraneoplastic ca?

Answer 48

Squamous cell ca

Question 49

What type of lung ca causes paraneoplastic SIADH and Cushings syndrome

Answer 49

Small cell lung CA