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Maddy - NMSP Exam II > Path - Intro to Neuro > Flashcards

Path - Intro to Neuro Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

what is central chromatolysis

A

nissl removed from the center of the cell to the periphery

  • seen in the axonal reaction
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2
Q

intranuclear inclusions should make you think of what conditions

A

herpes or CMV

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3
Q

intracytoplasmic inclusions should make you think of what conditions

A
  • rabies
  • alzheimer’s
  • parkinson
  • CJD (Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease)
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4
Q

intracytoplasmic neurofibrillary tangles indicate _____

A

alzheimer’s

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5
Q

intracytoplasmic negri bodies indicate _____

A

rabies

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6
Q

in what conditions are Alzheimer’s type 2 astrocytes seen

A

not associated with Alzheimer’s just the same doc named them

  • hyperammononemia (chronic liver dz)
  • wilson dz
  • hereditary metabolic disorder of the urea cycle
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7
Q

what is astrogliosis

A

an abnormal increase in the number of astrocytes due to the destruction of nearby neurons

  • a reaction to craniopharyngioma (tumor from rathke pouch)
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8
Q

histologic hallmark of astrogliosis

A

Rosenthal fibers

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9
Q

in what conditions are Rosenthal fibers seen

A
  • reaction to craniopharyngioma (tumor)
  • long standing gliosis (pilocytic astrocytoma)
  • Alexander disease
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10
Q

describe morphology of Rosenthal fibers

A

thick, elongated, brightly eosinophilic, irregular structures occurring within astrocyte processes

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11
Q

PAS+ stain should indicate ____

A

corpora amylacea

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12
Q

what is corpora amylacea

A

aging process of cells

  • increase with age
  • represents degenerative change
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13
Q

concentrically laminated, layered onion-looking histological marker indicates ____

A

corpora amylacea

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14
Q

CR3 and CD68 markers indicate what cells

A

microglia (macrophages of the CNS)

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15
Q

what is neuronophagia

A

the destruction of nerve cells by phagocytes

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16
Q

what is progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

A

a progressive demyelinating and usually fatal disease caused by the JC virus that destroys oligodendrocytes in the brain

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17
Q

what is multiple system atrophy

A

a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the abnormal accumulation of toxic forms of the synaptic protein alpha-synuclein (α-syn) within oligodendrocytes and neurons

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18
Q

compare vasogenic and cytotoxic edema

A

vasogenic: increase in EXTRAcellular fluid
cytotoxic: increase in INTRAcellular fluid

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19
Q

what are the pathological causes of hydrocephalus

A
  • increased production of CSF
  • obstruction
  • decreased absorption of CSF (outflow obstruction)
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20
Q

what occurs in response to increased CSF

A
  • absorption
  • dilation of frontal and temporal horns
  • elevation of corpus callosum
  • thinning of the cerebral mantle
  • stretching/perforation of the septum pellucidum
  • enlargement downward of third ventricle
  • papilledema
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21
Q

what can cause increased CSF production?

A

choroid plexus papilloma

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22
Q

appearance of broccoli (thick fibrous core/stalk) on histo indicates ____

A

choroid plexus papilloma

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23
Q

describe pyogenic meningitis

A

suppurative exudate covering the brainstem and cerebellum –> obstructive hydrocephalus

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24
Q

causes of acquired hydrocephalus

A
  • infections (meningitis)
  • mass lesions (neoplasms)
  • inflammation
  • post-hemorrhage
  • choroid plexus papilloma
  • sagittal sinus thrombosus
  • hypervitaminosis A
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25
too much vitamin A can lead to what brain condition
acquired hydrocephalus
26
why is the CSF normal in hydrocephalus ex-vacuo?
because it is a slow process - has time to normalize
27
the clinical triad of urinary incontinence, gait disturbance, and dementia, indicate what dz process? "wet, wacky, and wobbly)
normal pressure hydrocephalus
28
effects of tonsillar herniation
respiratory and cardiac center compression
29
describe kernohan's notch phenomena
compressor of the cerebellar peduncle against the tentorium cerebella due to a transtentorial herniation --> canes ipsilateral hemiparesis or hemiplegia on the side of the herniation produces a visible "notch" in cerebellar peduncle
30
compare hypoxia and ischemia
hypoxia: low partial pressure of O2 ischemia: impairment of blood's oxygen carrying capacity, or inhibition of O2 usage
31
what signs does the Sommer sector of the hippocampus show in hypoxia
shows decreased number of cells
32
what areas of the brain are first to show signs of hypoxia
purkinje of the cerebellum pyramidal cells of the Sommer's sector of the hippocampus (areas CA1 and CA2)
33
what signs does the purkinje of the cerebellum show in hypoxia
shrunken, eosinophilic, pyknotic cells "dead red guys"
34
compare liquefactive and coagulative necrosis
liquefactive: no architectural remnants coagulative: there are architecture remnants
35
histological hallmark of cerebral infarction
missing neuropil, appears pale, decreased number of cells
36
what is a hygroma
separation of arachnoid from the dura due to contraction of underlying brain parenchyma s/p infarct
37
describe myelomeningocele
extension of the CNS tissue through a defect in the vertebral column (most often lumbosacral)
38
describe meningocele
protrusion of the meninges through a defect in the vertebral column
39
describe encephalocele
disorganized brain tissue extending through defect in cranium (usually posterior fossa)
40
describe anencephaly
absence of most of the brain and calvarium, but still have cerebellum and brainstem
41
in what trimester do encephaloceles and ancecenphaly occur
first trimester
42
in what trimester do lissencephalia and microgyria occur
second semester
43
fetal alcohol syndrome, HIV-1, and Zika virus can cause what forebrain anomalies
microcephaly
44
describe lissencephaly
decreased number of gyro with a smooth or "cobblestone" surface
45
describe polymicrogyria
small, unusually numerous, irregularly formed convulsions of the gyri
46
describe neuronal heterotopias what condition are they associated with
collections of neurons in inappropriate places along the pathway of migration associated with epilepsy
47
describe holoprosencephaly and how it presents clinically
incomplete separation of the cerebral hemispheres across the midline clinical: cyclopia, arrhinenceophaly
48
what is arrhinenceophaly
absence of olfactory cranial nerves
49
describe dandy walker malformation
enlarged posterior fossa with expanded, roofless fourth ventricle - cerebellar vermis is absent and replaced by a cyst
50
describe Joubert syndrome
hypoplasia of the vermis, elongation of cerebellar peduncles and altered brainstem shape "molar tooth sign"
51
molar tooth sign is indicative of _____
jobbery syndrome
52
describe syringomyelia and its sx
a fluid filled cleft-like cavity in the inner portion of the spinal cord sx: isolated loss of pain and temp sensation of upper extremities bilaterally
53
describe hydromyelia
expansion of the ependymal-lined central canal of the cord
54
where are intraparenchymal hemorrhages seen
in germinal matrix
55
chalky yellow plaques are indicative of what dz process
periventricular leukomalacia
56
compare where skull fractures usually occur in an awake patient and in an LOC patient
awake: usually fall backward --> occipital fx LOC: usually fall forward --> frontal impact
57
sx of basal skull fracture
otorrhea/rhinorrhea from CSF drainage from ear or nose
58
describe a TBI/CTE
some level of damage to the brain from an external mechanical force - associated diminished or altered state of consciousness - brain function temporarily or permanently impaired
59
when can CTE (chronic traumatic encephalopathy) be diagnosed?
only when examining brains after death
60
morphology of CTE (chronic traumatic encephalopathy)
progressive loss of normal brain matter and an abnormal buildup of the protein tau
61
hyperphosphorylated tau protein as neurofibrillary tangles, astrocytic tangled, and neuritis in striking clusters around small blood vessels of the cortex indicates what dz process
chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
62
general features of CTE
- neurofibrillary tangles/amyloid and tau deposition - depigmentation of substantia nigra - cerebral atrophy/enlarged ventricles - micro-hemorrhages/DAD
63
what would cause a contrecoup parenchymal in jury of the brain
sudden deceleration --> head going forward, so brain hits the skull on the back the brain contacts the skull on the side opposite from where impact occurs
64
yellowish brown patches involving the crests of the gyro indicate what
plaque jaune | - old trauma lesions
65
what is diffuse axonal injury
axonal swelling and/or focal hemorrhagic lesions that appear within hours
66
morphology of diffuse axonal injury
increased number of microglial areas and degeneration of involved tracts
67
axonal spheroids indicate what dz process
diffuse axonal injury
68
what microscopic test should be performed to diagnose shaken impact syndrome
microscopic iron to identify old bleeding | - use a Prussian blue stain
69
trauma in the epidermal space occurs how, what sx, and what type of blood is involved
how: skull fracture sx: rapidly evolving neurologic sx blood: arterial
70
trauma in the subdural space occurs how, what sx, and what type of blood is involved
how: mild trauma sx: slowly evolving neurologic sx blood: venous

Maddy - NMSP Exam II (12 decks)

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