Path - Eye Flashcards
what is a posterior subcapsular cataract
migration of the lens epithelium posterior to the lens equator
how does phacolytic glaucoma occur
HMW proteins from the liquified lens cortex leak through the lens capsule –> may clog tabular network and cause increased intraocular pressure
**it’s a form of secondary open angle glaucoma
describe open angle glaucoma
where there is complete open access to the trabecular meshwork and resistance to aqueous outflow causing increased intra-ocular pressure
google: where the iris meets the cornea is as wide and open as it should be, but the eye’s drainage canals become clogged over time, causing an increase in internal eye pressure and subsequent damage to the optic nerve
compare gene mutations for primary and secondary open-angle glaucoma
primary: MYOC mutation
secondary: LOX1 mutation
describe angle closure glaucoma
where the peripheral zone of the iris adheres to the trabecular meshwork and physically impeded outflow of fluid
what is the leading cause of blindness in the US
age-related macular degeneration
risk factors for glaucoma
- age
- African americans and hispanics
- family hx
- DM
- HTN
- corticosteroids
what is the most common primary intraocular malignancy of childhood
retinoblastoma
what chromosome is the RB gene on
13q14
retinoblastoma arising in the context of a germline mutation are often ____
bilateral
sx of retinoblastoma
- leukocoria (white pupillary reflex)
- strabismus
- ocular inflammation
describe pseudohypopyon and what dz process it occurs in
occurs w/ retinoblastoma
where cells shed into the anterior chamber and aggregate to form nodules on the iris or settle inferiorly
where do RBs metastasize to
- skull bones
- distal bones
- brain
- spinal cord
- lymph nodes
- abd viscera
what is the most common route of escape for a RB
what is the prognosis?
through optic nerve
optic n. invasion –> poor prognosis
flexner-wintersteiner rosettes are a histologic hallmark of what dz process
RB
describe flexner-wintersteiner rosettes
characteristic feature of RB
single row of eosinophilic columnar cells w/ peripherally oriented nuclei surrounding the central lumen lined by a refraction structure
what are the three types of rosettes seen histologically with RB
- flexner-wintersteiner
- homer wright
- flurettes
what is the most common primary intraocular tumor in adults
uveal melanoma
what are the oncogenes in uveal melanomas
GNAQ and GNA11
uveal melanoma spreads first to the _____
liver
describe histological findings of uveal melanomas
- large nuclei
- prominent nucleoli
- infiltrating plasma cells and lymphocytes
what type of uveal melanoma has the worst prognosis?
epithelioid type
