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cellular basis of immunity > past paper questions > Flashcards

past paper questions Flashcards

1
Q

what does AIDS stand for

A

acquired immune deficiency syndrome

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2
Q

effect of HIV-1 on human immune system

A

infects immune cells

specifically CD4 T cells

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3
Q

mechanism of using host cell receptors for tissue invasion

A

tissue tropism

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4
Q

importance of epithelial cells in the intestine expressing CCR5 against HIV-1

A

allows the HIV viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 to bind and for transcytosis of the virus to occur

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5
Q

what is CCR5

A

chemokine receptor

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6
Q

examples of host cell receptors bound by gp120

A

CCR5
CXCR4
CD209

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7
Q

what is CXCR4

A

chemokine receptor

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8
Q

what is CD209

A

c-type lectin receptor on dendritic cells

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9
Q

which cells express CCR5

A

M cells

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10
Q

which components of innate immune system maintain viral immunity

A

complement
natural killer cells
type 1 interferons

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11
Q

which components of the adaptive immune system maintain viral immunity

A

cellular - CD8 T cells

humoral - antibodies

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12
Q

how do antibodies provide immunity to viral infections

A

neutralisation

NK cell-mediated ADCC

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13
Q

examples of opportunistic yeast pathogens of AIDS patients

A

candida
cryptococcus
histoplasma

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14
Q

what is dimorphism

A

the ability of a yeast pathogen to switch between yeast and filamentous growth

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15
Q

examples of opportunistic mould pathogens of immunocompromised patients

A

aspergillus
fusarium
mucor
scedosporium

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16
Q

haematological malignancy

A

cancer that begins in blood-forming tissue cell e.g. bone marrow or in immune cells

17
Q

haematological malignancy patients typically suffer from what type of infection

A

pulmonary infection by moulds

18
Q

which immune cells are crucial for maintaining pulmonary immunity to fungal pathogens

A

macrophages

neutrophils

19
Q

how does CpG DNA initiate an immune response

A
  • CpG DNA binds to TLR 9
  • NFkB pathway activated via Myd88 adaptor protein
  • activation of transcription factors results in the production of cytokines e.g. IL-1, IL-6, TNF
  • also chemokines, adhesion molecules and co-stimulatory molecules
20
Q

examples of bacterial PAMPs

A 
lipopolysaccharide 
fibrinogen
heat shock proteins
single/double-stranded RNA
flagellin
21
Q

examples of diseased that have toxoid vaccines

A 
diptheria 
tetanus
anthrax
cholera
botulism
22
Q

immune response induced by toxoid vaccine

A

antibody response

kills toxin by neutralisation

23
Q

effect of unmethylated CpG DNA motifs

A

act as immunostimulants

24
Q

CpG

A

DNA
PAMP
recognised by PRR - TLR9

25
Q

what mediates entry of the virus into cells of the respiratory epithelia

A

haemagglutinin (HA)

26
Q

which receptors on human respiratory epithelia does the virus bind?

A

receptors that have the α-2,6 sialic acid linkage to galactose

27
Q

what mediates viral release from cells of the respiratory epithelia

A

Neuraminidase (NA)

28
Q

3 major components of innate immunity to viruses?

A

Complement, Type 1 interferons, Natural Killer (NK) cells

29
Q

what is Major adaptive immunity to viruses mediated by

A

CD8 T cells

antibodies

30
Q

Which cellular compartments of the cell does MHC II

monitor for foreign antigen?

A

endosomal and lysosomal compartments

31
Q

effector functions of complement

A

Inflammation – C3a C5a
Opsonisation - C3b
Lysis (MAC) – C5-C9

32
Q

bacterial diseases are associated with C9 deficiency?

A

Meningitis and sepsis caused by Neisseria

33
Q

vaccines that induce antitoxin antibodies

A

Diphtheria, tetanus, anthrax, pertussis

34
Q

how does formaldehyde detoxification work

A

formation of inter- and intra-molecular cross-links between amino groups in lysine and glutamine residues

35
Q

problems associated with formaldehyde detoxification

A

Reversion

batch-to-batch variability

balance between loss of toxicity and loss of immunogenicity

production difficulties associated with the need to grow the pathogens and purify the toxin

36
Q

bacterial polysaccharide

A

LPS O-antigen

37
Q

processing of the polysaccharide antigen when a glycoconjugate is used

A
  • glycol-conjugate is internalized into an endosome of the B cell
  • processed into glycanP saccharides, peptides and glycanP-peptides.
  • MHCII presentation of glycanP-peptide to CD4+ T cells
  • Activation of the T cell by the carbohydrate/MHCII
  • T-cell production of cytokines
  • B cell matures to become a memory B cell.

cellular basis of immunity (21 decks)

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