extra stuff

Question 1

microenvironmental signals that accompany tissue invasion

Answer 1

changes in pH, cell density, exposure to serum and iron deprivation

Question 2

contributions of different fungal morphologies to virulence

Answer 2

Yeast form - more easily disseminated through bloodstream

Filamentous form - facilitates invasion and evasion of phagocytosis

Question 3

dectin-1 interaction with TLRs

Answer 3

triggers signalling via ITAM
recruitment of Syk
activation of NFkB
induces production of inflammatory cytokines and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Question 4

4 fungal co-receptors

Answer 4

dectin-1
dectin-2
mincle
CLEC5a

Question 5

role of invariant chain and MHC II

Answer 5

invariant chain binds to MHC II groove to prevent unfolded peptides binding

guides transport of MHC II vesicle out of ER through the endocytic pathway
proteases cleave invariant chain and engulfed pathogens enter vesicle
transport of complex to membrane

Question 6

what binding is required for full activation of CD4 T cells

Answer 6

CD40 on APC interacts with CD40 ligand expressed on CD4 T cell

Question 7

what binding is required for full activation of CD8 T cell

Answer 7

4-1BB ligand expressed by APC

binds to 41BB on CD8 T cell

Question 8

what does Dectin-1 recognise

Answer 8

Beta-glucan carbohydrates on fungal cell walls

Question 9

what does mincle stand for

Answer 9

macrophage inducible c-type lectin

Question 10

role of mincle

Answer 10

co-receptor
recognises fungi e.g. a-mannans
triggers Syk signalling via ITAM

Question 11

phagocyte ruffling

Answer 11

antibodies surrounding bacteria bind to Fc receptors on phagocyte
phagocyte membrane produces ruffles which surround bacteria and then fuses to form intracellular vesicle

Question 12

tissue tropism

Answer 12

the specificity of viral interaction with receptors and molecules to infect cells and support viral growth

Question 13

what does SARS stand for

Answer 13

severe acute respiratory syndrome

Question 14

what is the difference between neutralizing antibodies and binding antibodies?

Answer 14

neutralizing antibodies neutralize the biological effects of the antigen, while binding antibodies flag antigens

Question 15

langerhans cells intestine

Answer 15

type of dendritic cell
project dendrites in between epithelial cells to sample antigens
present antigens on surface to lymphocytes

Question 16

polyclonal response

Answer 16

secreted by different B cell lineages within the body

bind to all different epitopes on a single antigen

Question 17

1st hybridoma technology to produce monoclonal antibodies

Answer 17

Kohler and Milstein 1975

Question 18

mast cell

Answer 18

WBC
filled with basophil granules
found in connective tissue
release histamine and other substances during inflammatory and allergic reactions.

Question 19

BCRs

Answer 19

B-Cell Receptors
allow B cells to bind to specific antigens
B cells become activated and initiate antibody responses

Question 20

migration of immature B cells

Answer 20

from bone marrow to spleen and lymph nodes

Question 21

antigen uptake via BCR

Answer 21

receptor mediated endocytosis of antigen into B cell
antigen processed and presented to T cells with MHC II
T cells e.g. Th2 recognise TCRs
TCRs bind via co-stimulation (CD40L)

Question 22

parasite protozoa that causes mega colon

spread by kissing beetles

Answer 22

Trypanosoma cruzi

Question 23

how do cytokines increase permeability of epithelium

Answer 23

loosen tight junctions

allowing inflammatory cells to migrate into the tissues

Question 24

3 stages of biopanning

Answer 24

CAPTURE - peptides presented by bacteriophage bind to desired target
WASH - wash away unbound phages
ELUTE - elute the bound phages

Question 25

biopanning

Answer 25

affinity selection technique that selects for peptides(antibodies) that bind to a specific target

Question 26

when would you conjugate an enzyme/fluorochrome directly to an antibody

Answer 26

if the antibody has been already purified from the culture fluid bathing a hybridoma

Question 27

how does CD14 bind to the cell surface membrane

Answer 27

via glycosyl-phatidy-linositol anchor