extra stuff Flashcards
microenvironmental signals that accompany tissue invasion
changes in pH, cell density, exposure to serum and iron deprivation
contributions of different fungal morphologies to virulence
Yeast form - more easily disseminated through bloodstream
Filamentous form - facilitates invasion and evasion of phagocytosis
dectin-1 interaction with TLRs
triggers signalling via ITAM
recruitment of Syk
activation of NFkB
induces production of inflammatory cytokines and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
4 fungal co-receptors
dectin-1
dectin-2
mincle
CLEC5a
role of invariant chain and MHC II
invariant chain binds to MHC II groove to prevent unfolded peptides binding
guides transport of MHC II vesicle out of ER through the endocytic pathway
proteases cleave invariant chain and engulfed pathogens enter vesicle
transport of complex to membrane
what binding is required for full activation of CD4 T cells
CD40 on APC interacts with CD40 ligand expressed on CD4 T cell
what binding is required for full activation of CD8 T cell
4-1BB ligand expressed by APC
binds to 41BB on CD8 T cell
what does Dectin-1 recognise
Beta-glucan carbohydrates on fungal cell walls
what does mincle stand for
macrophage inducible c-type lectin
role of mincle
co-receptor
recognises fungi e.g. a-mannans
triggers Syk signalling via ITAM
phagocyte ruffling
antibodies surrounding bacteria bind to Fc receptors on phagocyte
phagocyte membrane produces ruffles which surround bacteria and then fuses to form intracellular vesicle
tissue tropism
the specificity of viral interaction with receptors and molecules to infect cells and support viral growth
what does SARS stand for
severe acute respiratory syndrome
what is the difference between neutralizing antibodies and binding antibodies?
neutralizing antibodies neutralize the biological effects of the antigen, while binding antibodies flag antigens
langerhans cells intestine
type of dendritic cell
project dendrites in between epithelial cells to sample antigens
present antigens on surface to lymphocytes
polyclonal response
secreted by different B cell lineages within the body
bind to all different epitopes on a single antigen
1st hybridoma technology to produce monoclonal antibodies
Kohler and Milstein 1975
mast cell
WBC
filled with basophil granules
found in connective tissue
release histamine and other substances during inflammatory and allergic reactions.
BCRs
B-Cell Receptors
allow B cells to bind to specific antigens
B cells become activated and initiate antibody responses
migration of immature B cells
from bone marrow to spleen and lymph nodes
antigen uptake via BCR
receptor mediated endocytosis of antigen into B cell
antigen processed and presented to T cells with MHC II
T cells e.g. Th2 recognise TCRs
TCRs bind via co-stimulation (CD40L)
parasite protozoa that causes mega colon
spread by kissing beetles
Trypanosoma cruzi
how do cytokines increase permeability of epithelium
loosen tight junctions
allowing inflammatory cells to migrate into the tissues
3 stages of biopanning
CAPTURE - peptides presented by bacteriophage bind to desired target
WASH - wash away unbound phages
ELUTE - elute the bound phages
biopanning
affinity selection technique that selects for peptides(antibodies) that bind to a specific target
when would you conjugate an enzyme/fluorochrome directly to an antibody
if the antibody has been already purified from the culture fluid bathing a hybridoma
how does CD14 bind to the cell surface membrane
via glycosyl-phatidy-linositol anchor
