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cellular basis of immunity > 1 - introduction > Flashcards

1 - introduction Flashcards

1
Q

immunology has been around for

A

500 million years

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2
Q

earliest signs of immunology seen in

A

sponges

purely phagcytotic

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3
Q

immunology seen in early sponges

A 
purely phagocytotic 
phagocytic cells (primitive mobile cells) recognise foreign molecules to remove them
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4
Q

second organism in immunology evolution

A

lamprey

more complex
1st sign of lymphocytes and adaptive immune cells

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5
Q

3rd organsim in evolutionary immunology

A

bony fish

adaptive immunity
T and B lymphocytes

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6
Q

important receptors seen in fruit flies

A

Toll receptors -type of PRR

recognise conserved components of pathogens

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7
Q

differences between TLRs of fruit flies and humans

A

very similar

ours are more evolved

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8
Q

snails in immunology evolution

A

vectors of human parasites

recognise antigens on surface of parasites that infect them

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9
Q

important structure on snail

A

FRET

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10
Q

FRET

A 
fibrogen-related
loop
2 loops
can be hyper-mutated
primitive immunity
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11
Q

important proteins on primitive fish

A

proteins with similar components to antibodies

e.g. CDR3

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12
Q

chicken in evolution

A

compartmentalised lymphocyte differentiation

Ig gene conversion

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13
Q

name some immune structures

A

GALT
thymus
spleen
dendritic cells

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14
Q

GALT

A

gut associated lymphoid tissue

part of MALT
protects body against invasion from gut

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15
Q

why is 70% of immune system dedicated to the gut

A

food has potential to be very damaging
constantly ingesting potentially pathogenic and toxic substances e.g. spicy curry
body needs to differentiate normal food from pathogenic organisms

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16
Q

primary lymphoid organs

A

thymus

spleen

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17
Q

thymus

A

gland located in neck above the heart

nursery for immune cell maturity

generates mature T lymphocytes

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18
Q

spleen

A

acts as a filter

volume of blood passed through and toxins removed

storage of WBC

19
Q

dendritic cells

A

enables relaying of information from innate to adaptive immunity

migrate from site of infection into lymphatic system to activate lymphocytes

20
Q

number of cells in immune system

A

10^12

21
Q

number of different cell types in immune system

A

10

22
Q

number of cell-cell connections in immune system

A

infinite

23
Q

haematopoeitic stem cells

A

pluripotent
found in bone marrow
form immune cells

24
Q

immunity in leukemia

A

completely wiped out

requires bone marrow transplants

25
Q

3 lineages from haematopoeitc stem call

A

lymphoid
myeloid
erythroid

26
Q

immune memory in primitive fish and sharks

A

not good

27
Q

cytokines are secreted by cells in

A

peripheral tissues

28
Q

macrophages sit

A

underneath skin
surveillance
engage with infectious agents of cut

29
Q

signals sent by macrophages

A

chemical signals (cytokines) - interleukins, tumour necrosis factor

30
Q

M-CSF

A

example of cytokines signal from macrophages that would recruit more macrophages to differentiate from HSC
(macrophage - colony stimulating factor)

31
Q

lymphoid lineage cells

A

NK cell
B cell
T cell
dendritic

32
Q

myeloid lineage cells

A 
macrophage
neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil
mast cell
33
Q

examples of granulocyte cells

A

neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil

34
Q

erythroid lineage cells

A

erythrocyte

mega karyocyte

35
Q

components of plasma

A 
95% water and dissolved proteins
gluocse
clottting factors
electrolytes
hormones
CO2
O2
36
Q

serum =

A

plasma without clotting factors

no RBC or WBC

37
Q

what is serum used for

A

similar to interstitial fluid

in body - maintains osmotic pressure

in hospitals - used to look for antibodies

38
Q

WBC leave capillaries in tissues and enter

A

lymphatics

39
Q

where does blood plasma circulate

A

interstitial spaces

40
Q

lymphatic system

A

the network of vessels through which lymph drains from the tissues into the blood.

41
Q

the extent to which the two arms of immunity are activated depends on …

A

… the severity, context and duration of the disease

42
Q

effect of cytokines on blood vessels

A

vasodilation

increased permeability

43
Q

importance of cytokinesincreasing permeability of blood vessels

A

tight junctions loosen
inflammatory mediators can migrate into tissues
increased redness, heat, swelling

cellular basis of immunity (21 decks)

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