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cellular basis of immunity > last min facts > Flashcards

last min facts Flashcards

1
Q

macrophages sit

A

under the skin

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2
Q

role of thymus and spleen

A

primary lymphoid organs

thymus - nursery for maturity
spleen - filters blood passing through and removes toxins

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3
Q

lymphoid lineage cells

A

NK
B
T
DC

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4
Q

are immune cells mobile

A

yes

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5
Q

myeloid lineage cells

A 
macrophage
neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil
mast cell
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6
Q

erythroid lineage cells

A

erythrocyte

megakaryocyte

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7
Q

components of serum

A

plasma minus clotting factors

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8
Q

physioloigcal effects of cytokines released by macrophages

A

vasodilation and icnreased permeablity
redness
swelling
heat

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9
Q

features of innate receptors

A

limited diversity
encoded in germline
recognise structures common to different pathognes

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10
Q

features of adaptive receptors

A

generated by gene recombination
massive diversity
recognise structures unique to different microbes

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11
Q

2 examples of immune failure

A

spanish flu 1918

TGN1412

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12
Q

what eliminates self recognition

A

clonal deletion

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13
Q

adaptive soluble receptors

A

antibodies

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14
Q

adaptive cell receptors

A

T cell receptors

B cell receptors

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15
Q

receptors on macrophages

A

scavenger
complement
PRRs

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16
Q

indirect innate activation

A

PAMP binds to PRR –> phagocytosis

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17
Q

direct innate activation

A

bacteria are coated with antibodies

recognised by Fc receptors

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18
Q

example chemokine

A

IL-8

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19
Q

cytokine receptor

A

JAK/STAT

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20
Q

transendothelial migration moves what from where to where

A

moves neutrophils and imune cells from blood vessel through epithelium into adjacent connective tissue
chemotaxis –> followa gradient of chemokines

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21
Q

role of fMLP

A

bacterial peptide chemoattractant –> recruits neutrophils to inflammatory cites by binding to receptors on outside of neutrophil

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22
Q

adhesive cell surface molecules important for

A

migration and communication

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23
Q

dendritic cells cells in mucosal epithelium of gut

A

specialised process extend between cells
prevent inflammatory response against harmless gut bacteria
receive information about antigens
then present them on outside to TCRs on naive T cells

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24
Q

effector T cell

A

triggered to kill/activate cell displaying the same MHC antigen

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25
Q

MHC I

A

expressed by all body cells
monitors cytoplasm of cells
expresses antigen to CD8 T cells

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26
Q

where do viruses replicate

A

cytoplams

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27
Q

MHC II

A

expressed only on immune cells
monitors vesicles of the endosomal/lysosomalpathways
express antigen to CD4 T cells

28
Q

importance of vesicles of endosomal and lysosomal pathways

A

contain internalised antigens from extracellular pathogens

29
Q

activated CD8 T cells produce

A

perforins - pores in membranes

granzymes - proteases –> apoptosis

30
Q

how are B cells activated

A

recognised antigen displayed by MHC II

internalise antigen and deliver to endosomal compartments

31
Q

what happens when a B cell is activated

A

B cell proliferates and differentiates into an antibody secreting plasma cell

32
Q

components of humoral immunity

A

secreted antibodies
complement proteins
antimicrobial peptides

33
Q

clonal expansion

A

B cell producing correct antibody for antigen is activated and multiplied

34
Q

how are classes of antibody distinguished

A

by number of Y units and by type of heavy chain

35
Q

what binds to secretory component

A

polymeric Ig receptor on epithelial cells

36
Q

pIgR binds to secretory component of IgA - what happens?

A

stimulates uptake of antibody and transcytosis of IgA through epithelium into lumen side of gut

37
Q

once IgA has docked onto Fc alpha/mu receptor - what happens?

A 
opsonisation of pathogen 
phagocytosed by Fc alpha/mu receptor
pathogen destroyed in phagolysosome
signalling via ITAM
phosphorylation of tyrosines --> recruitment of Syk/Zap-70
38
Q

examples of collectins

A

surfactant proteins A and B

MBL

39
Q

MASP involved in which pathways

A

lectin activation pathway of complement

40
Q

importance of C3b being bound to bacterial surface

A

response is localised so no collateral damage

41
Q

cytokines promoting anti-viral immunity

A

interferon alpha and beta

42
Q

cytokines activating endothelial cells and causing fever

A

IL-1

TNF-a

43
Q

cytokines causing proliferation of antibody producing B cels

A

IL-6

44
Q

diseases where host cells become infected and need to be destroyed by CD8 T cells

A

salmonellosis

tuberculosis

45
Q

results of CD4 T cell activation

A

macrophage activation
inflammation
maturation of antibody response

46
Q

virulence factors of candida albicans

A

reproduces asexually

dimorphic

47
Q

role of dectin-1

A

mediates recognition of B-1,3-glucan and B-1,6-glucan and zymosan from fungal cell walls

48
Q

what is dectin-1

A

c-type lectin carbohydrate recognition domain

found on surface of DCs

49
Q

what does MyD88 stand for

A

myeloid differentiation factor 88

50
Q

similarities of MyD88 and Syk

A

MyD88 enhances TLR signalling

Syk enhances dectin-1 signalling

51
Q

how is MBL coupled to complement pathway

A

MASP

52
Q

MASP =

A

mannose binding lectin associated serine protease

53
Q

larval stages of helminths

A

nematodes
trematodes
cestodes

54
Q

importance of antigenic variation

A

underlies capacity of organisms to survive in a host

– allows organisms to escape host defences

55
Q

VSG stands for

A

variant specific surface glycoprotein

56
Q

how do cytopathic viruses lyse cells

A

induce autophagy or apoptosis on exit of cell

57
Q

latent virus

A

infects cells but lies dormant
only activated when immunity wanes
produces infectious virions when activated

58
Q

mediators of viral immunity

A

innate - type 1 interferons, complement, NK

adaptive - neutralising antibodies, CD8 T cells

59
Q

antibody dependent killing direct and indirect

A

indirect - via complement, antibodies pepper outside and activate classical
direct - Fc receptors, directly to neutralising Igs

60
Q

NK cell mediated ADCC

A

Fc receptors on surface of NK cells
bind to Ig as virus leaves infected cell
kill using perforins and granzymes

61
Q

PCP

A

pneumocystic pneumonia

62
Q

HIV protein structures

A

gp120 - docking glycoprotein

gp41- transmembrane glycoprotein

63
Q

HIV causes loss of CD4 t cells - why is this bad

A

no helper t cell activities
no maintenance of CD8 T cells
no antibody response of B cell

64
Q

bird/avian viruses prefer

A

intestinal cell receptors with a-2,3-sialic acid linkage to galactose

65
Q

Which immunoglobulin isotype accumulates in the foetus before birth?

A

IgG

66
Q

which immunoglobulin is secreted in breast milk?

A

IgA

67
Q

PET =

A

positron emission tomography

cellular basis of immunity (21 decks)

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