10 - vaccines 1

Question 1

most widely used vaccines

Answer 1

bacterial

Question 2

jenner 1796

Answer 2

forefather of vaccinology

Question 3

benefical impact of vaccines

Answer 3

save 2.5 million lives a year

Question 4

4 main types of vaccine

Answer 4

live attenuated
killed
sub-unit
naked DNA

Question 5

live attenuated vaccines

Answer 5

alive but cannot cause disease unless immunosuppressed

used to be most common

Question 6

killed vaccines

Answer 6

kiled by heating or exposure to chemicals

Question 7

sub-unit vaccines

Answer 7

isolated fragments of micro-organism
e.g. an individual protein/polysaccharide

becoming most common
can be single sub unit or multiple sub unit vaccines

Question 8

naked DNA vaccines

Answer 8

dna injected

makes proteins in the body

Question 9

immunity induced by sub unit vaccines

Answer 9

antibody-mediated immunity

which initiates protective mechanisms

Question 10

corynebacterium diptheria bacteria

Answer 10

carried in the throat then no disease

produces potent toxin that blocks protein synthesis and causes heart failure

Question 11

vaccine against corynebacterium diptheria bacteria

Answer 11

neutralises toxin
treated with formaldehyde
very effective

Question 12

formaldehyde detoxification

Answer 12

works by cross linking the protein via amino groups

inter and intra molecular linking changes structure so it can no longer exert toxic action

Question 13

advantages of formaldehyde detoxification

Answer 13

toxicity of protein abolished

immunogenecity of protein preserved so it is still recognised by the immune system

Question 14

disadvantages of formaldehyde detoxification

Answer 14

too much cross linking and then it can no longer be recognised by the immune system
batch to batch variation
chances of reversion
purifying and handling of toxin required

Question 15

genetic toxoids

Answer 15

genetically engineer/modify toxin so it is non-toxic but retains immunogenecity

Question 16

diptheria genetic toxoids CRM197

Answer 16

mutate catalytic A subunit to block activity
glycine substitution
looks identical to original toxin

Question 17

necrotic enteritis toxoid

Answer 17

toxins perforate gut wall so cell cannot regulate osmotic balance
identify amino acids necessary for toxicity in Net B toxin

Question 18

advantages of genetic toxoids

Answer 18

cheap and easy to produce 
safe
reproducible 
no reversion 
molecular structure more similar to active toxin

Question 19

plague

Answer 19

caused by bacteria yersimia pestis

two important components (F1 and V antigen) combine to create solid protection for bacteria

Question 20

F1 antigen

Answer 20

plague bacteria component

forms capsule around bacterium to protect

Question 21

V antigen

Answer 21

part of plague bacteria T3SS

molecular syringe in cell wall

Question 22

reverse vaccinology

Answer 22

take genome sequence from microorganism
predict which proteins (often surface proteins) would be effective for inclusion in the vaccine
technology used = pSORT

Question 23

neisseria meningitidis B

Answer 23

causes 135,000 deaths per year
reverse vaccinology being used as traditional vaccinology failed
serogroup B strains being used

Question 24

method of reverse vaccinology

Answer 24

develop list of proteins to test

shortlist them and confirm

Question 25

pSORT

Answer 25

computer progam that predicts cellular location of proteins in cells