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cellular basis of immunity > 9 - ebola > Flashcards

9 - ebola Flashcards

1
Q

biological warfare agents

A

microorganisms that give rise to disease

often inhaled causing systemic infection
low infectious dose

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2
Q

operation whitecoat 1954

A

biodefense medical research program
injected consciencous objectors with vaccines against known used pathogens

purpose to defend troops against attacks using biological warfare agents

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3
Q

WHO opinion on vaccines and clean water

A

“most important public health interventions”

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4
Q

stages of vaccine development

A
  1. research –> target discovery, identify antigens, manufacture vaccine
  2. pre-clinical –> test potency, safety, animal testing
  3. clinical –> test vaccine on humans in clinical trials
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5
Q

most commonly used conjugate vaccine

A

Hib vaccine

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6
Q

aim and mechanism behind conjugate vaccines

A

covalently bond a weak polysaccharide antigen to a strong carrier protein antigen to induce a stronger immunological response to the weak antigen

T helper cells produced as well as antibodies
IgG –> IgM
more specific B type memory cells

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7
Q

what is the Hib vaccine

A

Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine

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8
Q

evidence that Hib vaccine is effective

A

In countries that include it as a routine vaccine, rates of severe Hib infections have decreased more than 90%

resulted in a decrease in the rate of meningitis, pneumonia, and epiglottitis

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9
Q

tularemia

A

disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis
mainly affects mammals
causes prolonged fever, fatige and can be fatal

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10
Q

antibiotics to treat tularemia

A

include streptomycin, gentamicin, doxycycline, and ciprofloxacin.

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11
Q

tularemia vaccine

A

live attenuated vaccine
–> has been used in humans but risk of transferral of microorganism to other people

vaccine is currently under review by the FDA

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12
Q

why is tularemia good as a bioterrorism agent

A

the bacteria can be freeze-dried into a power which can be aerosolized
only a few inhaled bacteria necessary to cause disease

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13
Q

attenuated vaccines

A

pathogen is altered so its virulence is reduced

pathogen is still alive

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14
Q

properties of biological warfare agents

A 
difficult to treat
often zoonotic diseases
infectious via inhalation route
cause endemic disease
low infectious dose
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15
Q

2 pathogens tested in operation whitecoat

A

francisella tularensis

coxiella burnetti

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16
Q

evidence that vaccines are effective

A

smallpox declared eradicated globally by WHO in 1980

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17
Q

intracellular pathogen

A

enters body and infects hosts cells

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18
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei

A

intracellular pathogen causing meliodiosis
high mortality rates
common in tropical climates
latent in the host

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19
Q

vaccine development for Burkholderia pseudomallei

A

no vaccine has produced complete protection in animal models

more required than just antibodies due to intracellular lifestyle

20
Q

manno-heptopyranose capsule

A

extracellular capsular polysaccharide (CPS) produced by Burkholderia pseudomallei

21
Q

1E10

A

mutant Burkholderia pseudomallei
couldnt make necessary CPS
didnt cause disease in animals
couldnt function as a vaccine when animal infected with Burkholderia pseudomallei

22
Q

importance of capsule in protection against Burkholderia pseudomallei

A

immune response against pathogen with CPS provides immunity against Burkholderia pseudomallei

research focussing on conjugate vaccine to use as a vaccine

23
Q

live vaccines disadvantages

A

hazardous

24
Q

biological conjugation

A

takes advantage of the natural bacteria glycosylation system to produce vaccines

25
Q

bacterial glycosylation

A

bacteria naturally glycosylate proteins (add sugar molecules to them)

26
Q

method of biological conjugation

A

join sugar molecule (o-antigen) and protein using glycosyltransferase enzyme

extract molecule and purify and use that for vaccine

27
Q

results of biological conjugation for F. tularensis

A

mice injected with conjugate vaccine and infected with tularensis
half animals survive when using adjuvant

28
Q

effect of respiratory challenge dose for tularensis

A

even if you have the vaccine, at a high challenge dose almost everyone gets sick

29
Q

adjuvant

A

added to a vaccine to enhance the body’s immune response to an antigen
–> increased antibody production

30
Q

future bacterial vaccine work

A

look at different types of adjuvant
investigate different routes of administration/inoculation
use different animal models (mice not good) –> use primates
test approaches against other pathogens

31
Q

ebola

A

haemorragic virus

32
Q

animal reservoir for ebola

A

bats and primates

33
Q

effects of ebola once infected humans

A

high fever/flu-like mostly and muscle pain
rapid progression of disease

some get vomiting, uncontrolled haemorrhage, skin rash, seizure

34
Q

mechanism of ebola infection

A

infects via inhalation
crosses epithelium and enters immune cells (DCs)
immune evasion:
suppresses IFN-y and inhibits DC maturation

also causes cytokine storm –> causes fever

virus disseminates systemically and replicates within cells
breakdown of organs –> vascular leakage –> haemorrhage

35
Q

when was the ebola outbreak

A

2014-2016 west africa

10,000 deaths

36
Q

mortality rate of ebola in 2014 outbreak

A

40%

37
Q

why did the ebola outbreak spread

A

cultural interaction with the dead and ill

sierra leone

38
Q

remaining challenges after 2014 ebola outbreak

A
  • residual risk surveillance
  • survival engagement and care (transmission of ebola by ebola survivors e.g. by semen)
  • rebuilding health infrastructure
39
Q

UK contribution to ebola by DSTL

A

looked at developing therapeutics/vaccines
diagnosis:
- take blood from patients
- inactivate ebola virus (using AVL buffer and incubation at 60 degrees for 15 minutes)
- pass blood through diagnostic test

40
Q

ebola diagnostic tests

A

film array

lateral flow device (antibody test)

41
Q

film array

A

material put in pouch
a number of PCR reactions carried out very quickly
compares virus against known pathogens

identified many people as sick from other diseases with similar symptoms to ebola –> stopped spreading of ebola

42
Q

film arrary disadvantages

A

needs power
needs complex reagents
needs clean laboratory

43
Q

lateral flow device

A

inactivated antibody conjugated to molecule that changes colour in presence of ebola

44
Q

viral vaccines

A

most based on viral glycoproteins

45
Q

political effect on vaccine development

A

in circumstance of outbreak can increase speed of vaccine development due to lifting rules or providing funding
get WHO involved

cellular basis of immunity (21 decks)

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