Past paper questions Flashcards
What is the bond found between the monomers in both starch and cellulose?
Glycosidic bond
Identify the types of reactions at A & B
Condensation and hydrolysis
Name the bond labelled X
Peptide bond
Give one example of a globular protein?
Enzymes
Give a structural difference in normal and disease causing prions?
It contains a secondary structure and is formed of beta pleated sheets.
State one way someone can get disease causing prions?
It can be caused by a mutation in the gene and may be passed from parent to offspring
It can appear spontaneously and will change normal prions into disease causing prions
It can be passed from consuming contaminated meat.
What are the building blocks of proteins?
What are the bonds that attach them?
Amino acids
Peptide bonds
What are the bonds labelled A&B (pg 31)
Hydrogen bonds
Phosphodiester
What structures are in both plant and animal cells?
What are in just plant cells?
What are just in animal cells?
Cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria
Vacuole and cell wall
Glycogen granules
What are the finger like extensions?
What forms secretory vesicles?
What allows direct movement of substances between adjacent plant cell walls?
Microvilli
Golgi apparatus
Plasmodesmata
Name structures A-D (PG 72)
Vesicle
Endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria
Cristae
Pg 73 in past papers?
Mitochondria Nucleus Microvilli Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Lamella
Why is the cell surface known as having a ‘fluid mosaic’ structure?
This is because phospholipids move from side to side and proteins are irregularly arranged throughout the membrane
What is prophase 1
Chromosomes condense and become visible as two chromatids
The nuclear membrane is broken, nucleolus disappears and spindle fibres form
Homologous pairs form bivalent bonds
What is metaphase 1
Homologous pairs line up on the equator of the cell
Spindle fibres attach to the centromeres of each chromosome
What is anaphase 1?
Microtubules contract spindle fibres that pull pairs of chromosomes apart to opposite poles of the cell
Separation of cells causes daughter cells to become haploid
What is telophase 1?
Nuclear membrane reforms
Prophase II:
Chromosomes condense and become visible as two chromatids
Spindle fibres form, nuclear membrane breaks down and nucleolus disappears
Metaphase II:
Single chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell
Spindle fibres attach to centromeres on each chromosome
Anaphase II:
Spindle fibres contract and pull chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell and split pairs
Differences between light and electron microscopes:
Electron is expensive Light is cheap Electron use live specimens Light use dead specimens Light is in colour Electron is in black and white Light uses a beam of light Electron uses electric Light has a low resolution Electron has a high resolution
Reactions involved in amino acid production
A = Condensation B = hydrolysis
What is the bond that joins two amino acids together?
Peptide
A group of these - dipeptide
A structural difference between normal prions and disease causing
Disease causing has a higher proportion of beta pleated sheets in its secondary structure
One way you can get disease causing prions
Mutation of the gene that is passed from parent to offspring
By eating contaminated meat
Elements present in all proteins
Amino acids, hydrogen, oxygen, carbon
What does it mean if a protein has a quaternary structure
Consists of two or more polypeptides bonded together
State the function of paneth cells and goblet cell in the ileum
Paneth cells secrete mucous and digestive enzymes
Goblet cells secrete protective mucous
pg 83
Protein synthesis - rough endoplasmic reticulum
Secretory vesicles - golgi apparatus
Destruction of worn out organelles - lysosomes
Movement of substances from adjacent plant cells - plasmodesmata
Formation of ribosomes - nucleolus
What is at the base of mitochondria
Cristae
The layer between two plant cell walls that hold them together
Lamella
The function of an isotonic buffer
Resists changes to pH. Prevents the loss or gain of water by organelles
The structure and function of mitochondria
Typically bean shaped
Double membrane bound
Inner membrane folded to form cristae
Greater surface area inside the organelle and will help with the function of aerobic respiration
