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Biology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is meant by double circulation?

A

Blood passes through the heart twice in one complete circuit

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2
Q

What are the two types of circulation\?

A

Pulmonary Circulation

Systemic Circulation

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3
Q

What takes place in the pulmonary circulation?

A

Deoxygenated blood through right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs where it is oxygenated

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4
Q

What takes place in the systemic circulation?

A

Oxygenated blood into left atrium - left ventricle - aorta - the rest of the body

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5
Q

Why is the pulmonary circulation pressure lower than the systemic circulation?

A

This is due to the difference in the thickness of the heart muscle in the ventricles
Ventricles contract from bottom up

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6
Q

What is the difference between the right and left ventricle?

A

Left Ventricle - thicker and stronger muscular wall

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7
Q

What blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart?

A

Vena Cava

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8
Q

What blood vessel carries oxygenated blood to the rest of the body?

A

Aorta

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9
Q

What are the three main types of blood vessel?

A

Veins
Arteries
Capillaries

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10
Q

Describe 3 characteristics of arteries

A

Thick wall of smooth muscle
Small/ narrow lumen
Numerous elastic fibres

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11
Q

What is an arteries main role?

A

To carry blood away from the heart

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12
Q

Where are arteries situated?

A

Deep inside the body

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13
Q

Why do arteries have a narrow lumen?

A

To maintain high pressure and speed at all times

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14
Q

Describe what the smooth muscle in the artery allows for:

A

Vasodilation

Vasoconstriction

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15
Q

What is a veins main role?

A

To carry blood into the heart

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16
Q

What are 3 characteristics of veins?

A

Large/ wide lumen
Thinner wall of smooth muscle
Contains valves

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17
Q

Why do veins contain valves?

A

To prevent the backflow of blood

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18
Q

What is the name for the veins that have been branched off from large veins?

A

Venules

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19
Q

What is the name for the smaller form of arteries?

A

Arterioles

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20
Q

What are capillaries main role?

A

Contain a large surface area for exchange to take place

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21
Q

What are 2 characteristics of capillaries?

A

One cell thick

Permeable to water and other molecules - nutrients, oxygen can pass through (remove waste products)

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22
Q

What are the 4 main chambers of the heart?

A

Right Atrium
Left Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle

23
Q

What are the 4 main valves?

A 
Tricuspid Valve     (Atrioventricular Valves)
Bicuspid Valve 
Pulmonary Valve  (Semilunar Valves)
Aortic Valve
24
Q

What is the heart?

A

The heart is myogenic

25
Q

What is meant by myogenic?

A

It does not rely on the nervous system for stimulation

26
Q

What are the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle?

A

Atrial Systole
Ventricular Systole
Diastole

27
Q

What are the 4 parts of the heart involved in heart stimulation?

A

Sinoatrial Node
Atrioventricular Node
Bundle of His
Purkinje Fibres

28
Q

What is the SA node also known as?

A

The hearts pacemaker

29
Q

What is atrial systole?

A

The atria contract - blood is pushed into the ventricle

30
Q

What is ventricular Systole?

A

Ventricles contract - push blood into the aorta and to the rest of the body

31
Q

What is diastole?

A

The heart chambers relax - blood flows into the heart

32
Q

What causes the first heart sound?

A

The atrioventricular valves closing (tricuspid & bicuspid valves)

33
Q

What causes the second heart sound?

A

The semilunar valves closing (pulmonary & aortic valves)

34
Q

What causes valves to close?

A

Atrioventricular valves close when - ventricle pressure is higher than atrial pressure

Semilunar valves close when - ventricle pressure is higher than atrial pressure

35
Q

Name 4 of the main factors affecting heart rate:

A

Age
Gender
Emotional state
Temperature

36
Q

What causes thrombosis to occur?

A

Blood clots and blocks a blood vessel

37
Q

What are the 2 types of thrombosis?

A

Venous thrombosis (clot blocks a vein)

Arterial thrombosis (clot blocks an artery)

38
Q

What is CHD?

A

Coronary Heart Disease

39
Q

Stages of blood clotting - stage 1

A

Clotting factors are attracted to the injury

40
Q

Stage 2 of blood clotting

A

Prothrombin (inactive enzyme) is converted into thrombin (active)

41
Q

Stage 3 of blood clotting:

A

Thrombin (active) converts fibrinogen (soluble) into fibrin (insoluble)

42
Q

3 stages of blood clotting:

A

Damaged blood vessels - triggers release of clotting factors
Formation of a platelet plug
Fibrin strands form an insoluble clot

43
Q

How is the structure of valves important in allowing them to open/ close?

A

They contain chordae tendinea (heart strings) allows them to slam shut

44
Q

Describe the structure of haemoglobin:

A

4 polypeptide chains - quaternary structure

45
Q

What sort of a protein is haemoglobin?

A

Conjugated protein

46
Q

What is the prosthetic group found in haemoglobin?

A

haem (iron)

47
Q

How many haem groups does each haemoglobin molecule contain?

A

4 haem groups

48
Q

How much oxygen can one haem group transport?

A

One oxygen molecule per haem group

49
Q

How do ventricles contract?

A

Ventricles contract from the bottom up

50
Q

Why do ventricles contract from the bottom?

A

To ensure all the blood is squeezed out , so the blood is pushed up and out through the semilunar valves

51
Q

Why is there a slight delay in the contraction of the atrium and ventricle?

A

The ventricular systole pressure builds up causing the pressure to increase and the valves to slam shut and blood to then move into the semilunar valves

52
Q

How is the heart myogenic?

A

It does not rely on the nervous system to contract

53
Q

3 advantages of the bohr effect:

A

Biology (19 decks)

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