Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of the nucleus?

A

Largest cell organelle
Contains DNA in chromosomes
DNA codes for protein synthesis

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2
Q

What is the nuclear membrane or envelope?

A

Double membrane with pores that allows exchange of substances in and out of the nucleus

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3
Q

What is present within the nuclear envelope?

A

Nucleoplasm

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4
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Contains DNA which codes for rRNA and produces ribosomes

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5
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Consists of a series of flattened membrane bound sacs - cisternae
Studded with ribosomes

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6
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Transports protein that are produced on attached ribosomes

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7
Q

What will happen to some proteins within the RER?

A

Some secreted

Some placed on the surface of the cell membrane

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8
Q

Explain the structure of smooth ER?

A

Same as RER without ribosomes

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9
Q

What is the function of SER?

A

Involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of ribosomes?

A

Tiny organelles found in the cytoplasm
Each consists of 2 sub-units
Made of protein and rRNA

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11
Q

What are ribosomes main function?

A

Protein synthesis in a cell - proteins are made

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12
Q

What is the structure of the golgi apparatus?

A

Cisternae - series of flattened sacs - associated vesicles

May add glycoproteins or lipoproteins to them

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13
Q

What kind of structure will be made when joining polypeptides?

A

Quaternary

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14
Q

What is the golgi apparatus’ main function?

A

Label, package and sort proteins for export from the cells

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15
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Spherical sacs containing powerful digestive enzymes

Thick membrane to prevent enzymes from being released

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16
Q

What are lysosomes main function?

A

Important in phagocytosis

Fuse with other vesicles that contain something to be destroyed

17
Q

Explain the structure of mitochondria:

A

Double membrane bound

Inner membrane folds inwards to create cristae

18
Q

Explain the functions of the mitochondria:

A

Site of aerobic respiration

Abundant in cells with high energy requirements

19
Q

Explain the structure of microtubules:

A

Hollow cylinders - tubulin

Form the cytoskeleton

20
Q

Explain the functions of the microtubules:

A

Aid movement of structures within cells
Forms spindle - moves chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis
Component of cilia and flagella

21
Q

Explain the structure of the cytoplasm:

A

Part of cell between cell surface membrane and nucleus

22
Q

What is the protoplasm?

A

All the cell contents within cell surface membrane

23
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

Cytoplasm excluding organelles and nucleus

24
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

Contains membrane bound organelles and a nucleus

25
What is the structure of a cell wall in a eukaryotic cell?
Immediately outside the cell membrane | Composed of cellulose microfibrils
26
What is the cell walls main function?
Strength | Fully permeable
27
What is the primary cell wall made up of?
Many microfibrils | Loosely arranged for expansion as the cell grows
28
What is the secondary cell wall?
In a full sized cell | Additional cellulose is deposited in a lattice arrangement to provide strength
29
What is the middle lamella?
Links adjacent cells, composed of pectin
30
What is the plasmodesmata?
Narrow threads of cytoplasm pass through adjacent cell walls to allow communication
31
Explain the structure of the chloroplast:
Double membrane bound Contains stroma Thylakoid membranes stacked into grana
32
What is the main function of the chloroplast?
Site of photosynthesis: