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Biology > Molecules - booklet 1 > Flashcards

Molecules - booklet 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are buffers?

A

Chemicals or substances that resist changes to pH and ensures a particular environment maintains a particular pH

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2
Q

What will buffers help to regulate?

A

Regulate the pH of solutions to ensure enzymes operate at their optimum

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3
Q

What are 5 examples of biological enzymes?

A 
Calcium
Iron
Magnesium
Potassium 
Hydrogencarbonate
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4
Q

What are organic molecules?

A

Complex carbon containing molecules

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5
Q

Name 3 examples of organic molecules?

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids

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6
Q

What are many organic molecules formed of?

A

Formed of sub-units called monomers

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7
Q

When monomers join together what is formed?

A

Larger polymers

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8
Q

What is this joining reaction known as?

A

Polymerisation

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9
Q

What are carbohydrates made up of?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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10
Q

What are the 3 main groups that carbohydrates are split into?

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of monosaccharide that are biologically important?

A

Trioses
Pentose
Hexose sugars

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12
Q

How many carbon atoms does a pentose sugar contain?

A

5

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13
Q

How many carbon atoms does a trioses sugar contain?

A

3

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14
Q

How many carbon atoms does a hexose sugar contain?

A

6

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15
Q

What is the formula for a monosaccharide?

A

C6 H12 06

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16
Q

What type of monosaccharide is glucose?

A

Hexose sugar

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17
Q

What is the basic sub-unit of a complex polysaccharide?

A

a-glucose

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18
Q

How is b-glucose formed?

A

Slight change in the arrangement of atoms

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19
Q

what are monosaccharides such as glucoses main role?

A

Energy source in living organisms

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20
Q

What are isomers?

A

Monosaccharides that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula

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21
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

Two monosaccharides react together in a chemical reaction

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22
Q

What is the name for this chemical reaction?

A

Condensation

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23
Q

Is condensation a reversible reaction?

A

Yes

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24
Q

What is the name for the breaking down of a disaccharide back into monosaccharides?

A

Hydrolysis

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25
Q

When is hydrolysis important in the body?

A

Digestion of food

26
Q

What is the bond present in the formation of disaccharides?

A

Glycosidic bond

27
Q

What is the general formula for disaccharides?

A

C12 H22 O11

28
Q

Will disaccharides dissolve in water?

29
Q

What is produced when disaccharides dissolve?

A

A sweet taste

30
Q

Why is a sweet taste produced?

A

All disaccharides are sugars

31
Q

What are the 4 important disaccharides?

A

Maltose
Sucrose
Fructose
Glucose

32
Q

How is maltose formed?

A

When starch is digested

33
Q

How is glucose formed?

A

The further breaking down of maltose

34
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Complex carbohydrates which form a very long chain

35
Q

What reaction forms polysaccharides?

A

Condensation

36
Q

How are complex polymers formed?

A

Large number of monomers joined together

37
Q

What are the 3 most important polysaccharides?

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

38
Q

What is the general formula for polysaccharides?

39
Q

Are polysaccharides soluble or insoluble in water?

40
Q

What is starch?

A

A polymer of a-glucose

41
Q

What are the 2 different arrangements of a-glucose?

A

Amylose

Amylopectin

42
Q

How are amylose molecules a-glucose linked?

A

a-1,4 glycosidic bonds

43
Q

How are these chains linked/ positioned?

A

Coiled to form a spiral

44
Q

How are these spirals held in place?

A

Hydrogen bonds

45
Q

What does amylose form?

A

Long unbranched chains

46
Q

How is amylopectin formed?

A

a-1,4 glycosidic bonds

47
Q

What is also added in addition to this original monomer?

A

1-1,6 glycosidic bonds form side branches to produce a branched molecule

48
Q

Why is starch a good storage molecule?

A

Insoluble - won’t affect the water relations of cells
It is a large molecule will not pass through easily
Molecules of amylose and amylopectin are compact

49
Q

What is glycogens main role?

A

Storage carbohydrate found in animal and fungal cells

50
Q

How is glycogen stored?

A

In the form of small granules

51
Q

Where is glycogen stored in the body?

A

Liver and muscle cells

52
Q

What is cellulose’s main role?

A

Structural role

53
Q

What is cellulose made of?

A

Monomers of b-glucose

54
Q

What is formed when two b-glucose join together?

A

B-1,4 glycosidic bonds

55
Q

What are the 2 effects of the flipping of adjacent glucose monomers?

A

Unbranched chains are straighter

Hydrogen bonds can form cross-linkages between adjacent

56
Q

When cellulose chains are grouped together what is this known as?

A

Microfibrils

57
Q

How are plant cell walls formed?

A

Cellulose microfibrils oriented into many planes in a lattice structure to increase tensile strength

58
Q

What are lipids made up of?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

59
Q

Are lipids soluble?

A

No

Not in water or other solvents

60
Q

What is the word for being insoluble?

A

Hydrophobic

61
Q

What are the 2 main types of lipids?

A

Triglyceride

Phospholipid

Biology (19 decks)

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