Molecules - booklet 1

Question 1

What are buffers?

Answer 1

Chemicals or substances that resist changes to pH and ensures a particular environment maintains a particular pH

Question 2

What will buffers help to regulate?

Answer 2

Regulate the pH of solutions to ensure enzymes operate at their optimum

Question 3

What are 5 examples of biological enzymes?

Answer 3

Calcium
Iron
Magnesium
Potassium 
Hydrogencarbonate

Question 4

What are organic molecules?

Answer 4

Complex carbon containing molecules

Question 5

Name 3 examples of organic molecules?

Answer 5

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids

Question 6

What are many organic molecules formed of?

Answer 6

Formed of sub-units called monomers

Question 7

When monomers join together what is formed?

Answer 7

Larger polymers

Question 8

What is this joining reaction known as?

Answer 8

Polymerisation

Question 9

What are carbohydrates made up of?

Answer 9

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

Question 10

What are the 3 main groups that carbohydrates are split into?

Answer 10

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

Question 11

What are the 3 types of monosaccharide that are biologically important?

Answer 11

Trioses
Pentose
Hexose sugars

Question 12

How many carbon atoms does a pentose sugar contain?

Answer 12

5

Question 13

How many carbon atoms does a trioses sugar contain?

Answer 13

3

Question 14

How many carbon atoms does a hexose sugar contain?

Answer 14

6

Question 15

What is the formula for a monosaccharide?

Answer 15

C6 H12 06

Question 16

What type of monosaccharide is glucose?

Answer 16

Hexose sugar

Question 17

What is the basic sub-unit of a complex polysaccharide?

Answer 17

a-glucose

Question 18

How is b-glucose formed?

Answer 18

Slight change in the arrangement of atoms

Question 19

what are monosaccharides such as glucoses main role?

Answer 19

Energy source in living organisms

Question 20

What are isomers?

Answer 20

Monosaccharides that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula

Question 21

How are disaccharides formed?

Answer 21

Two monosaccharides react together in a chemical reaction

Question 22

What is the name for this chemical reaction?

Answer 22

Condensation

Question 23

Is condensation a reversible reaction?

Answer 23

Yes

Question 24

What is the name for the breaking down of a disaccharide back into monosaccharides?

Answer 24

Hydrolysis

Question 25

When is hydrolysis important in the body?

Answer 25

Digestion of food

Question 26

What is the bond present in the formation of disaccharides?

Answer 26

Glycosidic bond

Question 27

What is the general formula for disaccharides?

Answer 27

C12 H22 O11

Question 28

Will disaccharides dissolve in water?

Answer 28

Yes

Question 29

What is produced when disaccharides dissolve?

Answer 29

A sweet taste

Question 30

Why is a sweet taste produced?

Answer 30

All disaccharides are sugars

Question 31

What are the 4 important disaccharides?

Answer 31

Maltose Sucrose Fructose Glucose

Question 32

How is maltose formed?

Answer 32

When starch is digested

Question 33

How is glucose formed?

Answer 33

The further breaking down of maltose

Question 34

What are polysaccharides?

Answer 34

Complex carbohydrates which form a very long chain

Question 35

What reaction forms polysaccharides?

Answer 35

Condensation

Question 36

How are complex polymers formed?

Answer 36

Large number of monomers joined together

Question 37

What are the 3 most important polysaccharides?

Answer 37

Starch Glycogen Cellulose

Question 38

What is the general formula for polysaccharides?

Answer 38

C6 H10 O5

Question 39

Are polysaccharides soluble or insoluble in water?

Answer 39

Insoluble

Question 40

What is starch?

Answer 40

A polymer of a-glucose

Question 41

What are the 2 different arrangements of a-glucose?

Answer 41

Amylose | Amylopectin

Question 42

How are amylose molecules a-glucose linked?

Answer 42

a-1,4 glycosidic bonds

Question 43

How are these chains linked/ positioned?

Answer 43

Coiled to form a spiral

Question 44

How are these spirals held in place?

Answer 44

Hydrogen bonds

Question 45

What does amylose form?

Answer 45

Long unbranched chains

Question 46

How is amylopectin formed?

Answer 46

a-1,4 glycosidic bonds

Question 47

What is also added in addition to this original monomer?

Answer 47

1-1,6 glycosidic bonds form side branches to produce a branched molecule

Question 48

Why is starch a good storage molecule?

Answer 48

Insoluble - won't affect the water relations of cells It is a large molecule will not pass through easily Molecules of amylose and amylopectin are compact

Question 49

What is glycogens main role?

Answer 49

Storage carbohydrate found in animal and fungal cells

Question 50

How is glycogen stored?

Answer 50

In the form of small granules

Question 51

Where is glycogen stored in the body?

Answer 51

Liver and muscle cells

Question 52

What is cellulose's main role?

Answer 52

Structural role

Question 53

What is cellulose made of?

Answer 53

Monomers of b-glucose

Question 54

What is formed when two b-glucose join together?

Answer 54

B-1,4 glycosidic bonds

Question 55

What are the 2 effects of the flipping of adjacent glucose monomers?

Answer 55

Unbranched chains are straighter | Hydrogen bonds can form cross-linkages between adjacent

Question 56

When cellulose chains are grouped together what is this known as?

Answer 56

Microfibrils

Question 57

How are plant cell walls formed?

Answer 57

Cellulose microfibrils oriented into many planes in a lattice structure to increase tensile strength

Question 58

What are lipids made up of?

Answer 58

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen

Question 59

Are lipids soluble?

Answer 59

No | Not in water or other solvents

Question 60

What is the word for being insoluble?

Answer 60

Hydrophobic

Question 61

What are the 2 main types of lipids?

Answer 61

Triglyceride | Phospholipid