PAST EXAMS MULTICHOICE Flashcards
1
Q
Which theorists view dissociative disorders as avoidance responses that protect the person from consciously experiencing stressful events? 1) psychodynamic 2) behavioural 3) cognitive 4) both 1 and 2
A
4
2
Q
Research on the role of parenting in the etiology of anxiety disorders in youth suggest 1) parenting is crucial in determining anxiety in children. 2) over-controlling parenting almost always results in social phobia in children. 3) parenting practices play a small role in childhood anxiety. 4) how parents discipline their children has a strong effect on the development of childhood anxiety.
A
3
3
Q
The DSM-5 refers to the pathological use of substances as A. substance abuse. B. substance dependence. C. substance use disorder. D. None of the above.
A
c
4
Q
People who feel deep within themselves, usually from early childhood, that they are of the opposite gender are given the diagnosis of A. gender distortion disorder. B. gender dysphoria. C. sexual distortion disorder. D. All of the above are possible diagnostic labels
A
b
5
Q
Abnormal behaviour in children A. is based upon destructiveness at any given age. B. is developmentally determined; that is, normal behaviour at one age is abnormal at another. C. can be reliably determined across age groups. D. is typically associated with a lack of control.
A
b
6
Q
Behavioural inhibition is defined as the A. tendency to experience neuroticism. B. inability to inhibit one’s behavioural reactions. C. tendency to become agitated and cry when faced with novel stimuli. D. inability to regulate symptoms of anxiety.
A
c
7
Q
Intrusive, irrational and unwanted thoughts are called 1) irrational beliefs. 2) generalised anxiety. 3) obsessions. 4) compulsions.
A
3
8
Q
In 1791, John was committed to an asylum in the United States. Which treatment was he likely to experience there? A. Group therapy B. Bloodletting C. Moral treatment D. Hypnosis
A
b
9
Q
Epidemiological studies indicate that ADHD is A. about equally common in boys and girls. B. more common in boys. C. more common in girls. D. more common in girls with conduct disorder but in boys with oppositional defiant disorder.
A
b
10
Q
As part of his treatment for committing incest, Sean was trained to experience empathy for his victims. He was likely receiving 1) object-relations psychodynamic therapy. 2) behavioural therapy. 3) cognitive therapy. 4) family therapy.
A
3
11
Q
Personality disorders are defined as a) maladaptive behaviours that consistently violate the rights of others. b) long-standing, pervasive, and inflexible patterns of behaviour and inner experience that deviate from the expectations of a person’s culture. c) any psychological disorder having an onset before age 12 and recurring at least three times during adult life. d) a chronic pattern of extreme instability in relationships, mood, and self-image.
A
b
12
Q
Dissociative identity disorder must involve a) at least 3 distinct personalities. b) selective amnesia. c) at least 2 distinct personalities. d) depersonalisation.
A
c
13
Q
Miguel experienced a sudden, inexplicable blindness. Tests have shown no physical basis for his symptoms. The most likely diagnosis is A. Conversion Disorder. B. Somatic Symptom Disorder. C. Dissociative Identity Disorder. D. Illness Anxiety Disorder.
A
a
14
Q
A first step for treating people dependent on drugs is A. helping them identify why they began to use drugs. B. detoxification. C. helping them understand why the drug is not good for them. D. committing to abstinence.
A
b
15
Q
The DSM-5 criteria for a diagnosis of schizophrenia include all of the following categories EXCEPT: A. delusions. B. hallucinations. C. forgetfulness. D. disorganized speech.
A
c
16
Q
Those diagnosed with schizophrenia may believe that a) thoughts have been placed inside their heads from outside sources. b) their thoughts are being broadcasted or transmitted to others. c) they are all powerful and knowing. d) all of the above.
A
d
17
Q
Dissociative disorders share A. obsessive thoughts. B. an alteration in consciousness or identity. C. an inability to distinguish reality from fantasy. D. physical symptoms with no physiological basis.
A
b
18
Q
27.Edna does not currently have panic disorder. However, she cannot leave her house and had required home sessions when she began therapy. It is likely that a) Edna has agoraphobia, but does not meet criteria for panic disorder. b) Edna does not have agoraphobia. c) Edna is faking her symptoms. d) Edna has more severe panic but is able to cope with the symptoms.
A
a
19
Q
Norepinephrine and serotonin are _____________________________ implicated in mood disorder etiology. a) two parts of the autonomic nervous system b) antidepressant medications c) neurotransmitters d) structures in the limbic system
A
c
20
Q
How is body dysmorphic disorder similar to OCD? 1) both engage in compulsive behaviours 2) both have obsessive preoccupations 3) both spend inordinate amounts of time on their obsessions 4) all of the above
A
4
21
Q
Which of the following is true about ECT? 1) It is used today to effectively treat patients with severe depression. 2) Today it is primarily used in the treatment of epilepsy. 3) It destroys the tracts connecting the frontal lobes to the lower centers of the brain. 4) ECT practices ceased to exist after the introduction of the lobotomy.
A
1
22
Q
Plaques, which develop as part of Alzheimer’s disease, are 1) protein deposits that are outside neurons. 2) cholesterol remains from poor diet. 3) composed of serotonin and fatty deposits. 4) equivalent to neurofibrillary tangles.
A
1
23
Q
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia include all of the following EXCEPT: A. hallucinations. B. delusions. C. excesses and distortions of emotion. D. sociality
A
d
24
Q
The DSM-5 recognizes which of the following forms of bipolar disorders? A. Bipolar I and Bipolar II B. Bipolar I, Bipolar II and Cyclothymia C. Bipolar and Cyclothymia D. Bipolar I, Bipolar II and Bipolar III
A
b
25
Sam is being treated with medication for schizophrenia. He involuntarily smacks his lips and seems unable to control his motor movements. Sam most probably is suffering from A. extrapyramidal side effects. B. tardive dyskinesia. C. dystonia. D. neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
b
26
Mark's parents bring him to see a psychologist because they believe Mark is experiencing delusions. What piece of information would most indicate that Mark had schizophrenia and not some other diagnosis? 1) His delusions only come when his parents are around. 2) His delusions are highly implausible. 3) His delusions have persisted for more than 5 years. 4) His delusions involve other people.
2
27
The eugenics movement a) was a direct result of the germ theory of disease. b) sought to cleanse society of people with undesirable characteristics. c) classified mental disorders according to their genesis. d) sought to abolish ECT treatments.
b
28
Medications as a treatment for depression A. are no longer used, since psychotherapy has been demonstrated to be more effective. B. are used almost exclusively, since they have been found to be superior to psychotherapy. C. continue to be used despite evidence of ineffectiveness and serious side effects. D. are used most effectively in conjunction with psychotherapy.
d
29
Most people with anorexia nervosa 1) lose their appetite 2) lose their interest in food 3) lose both their appetite and interest in food 4) do not lose their appetite or interest in food
1
30
The fundamental characteristic of autism spectrum disorder is a) intolerance for routines. b) not relating to others. c) intellectual disability. d) poor gross motor skills.
b
31
Elizabeth was receiving moral treatment while in an early asylum. Which of the following treatments was she LEAST likely to receive? 1) medication 2) physical restraints 3) purposeful activities 4) work-related tasks
2
32
Given the inconsistent evidence about levels of neurotransmitters in people with mood disorders, researchers have begun to focus research efforts on 1) whether specific levels of serotonin or dopamine are important. 2) understanding the types of people who have no disturbances in their absolute levels of neurotransmitters. 3) finding a new neurotransmitter. 4) the sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors.
4
33
Which of the following DSM personality disorders is more common in males than in females? 1) antisocial personality disorder 2) borderline personality disorder 3) avoidant personality disorder 4) obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
1
34
Cathy stopped eating meals over two months ago. Now she eats very little, and only when under some family pressure. She has lost over 22 pounds, and is now about 15% below normal body weight for her height. She probably has A. anorexia, restricting type. B. anorexia, binge-eating-purging type. C. bulimia nervosa. D. binge eating disorder.
a
35
Anhedonia as a symptom of schizophrenia refers to lack of a) emotional expression. b) interest or pleasure. c) coherent speech. d) speech.
b
36
Deterioration of cognitive abilities among the elderly, to the point that social and occupational functions are impaired, is called A. absent-mindedness. B. dementia. C. age-related forgetting. D. None of the above
b
37
Ageism refers to A. the physical deterioration that accompanies old age. B. the intellectual deterioration that frequently occurs as a person ages. C. the diversity present among older adults. D. prejudice against a person based on their age.
d
38
Which of the following factors were found to be predictive of conduct disorder in a large-scale research study on children from New Zealand? A. Being maltreated as children and low birth weight B. Presence of low Monoamine Oxidase A (MAOA) activity C. Low birth weight and being male D. Both maltreatment and low MAOA activity
d
39
People with anorexia nervosa A. stop eating because of an abnormal increase in blood sugar, which alters their perceptions of hunger. B. fear gaining weight so much that they stop eating. C. have lost their appetite, leading them to stop eating. D. stop eating but do not lose weight.
b
40
Jacqueline has been depressed, ongoing, for the past three years. Based on this information, the best diagnosis for Jacqueline would be a) persistent depressive disorder. b) cyclothymic disorder. c) bipolar disorder. d) disruptive mood regulation disorder.
a
41
A phenotype is illustrated by which of the following? a) Lisa's level of anxiety b) Lisa's chromosomes c) The genes that code for Lisa's eye colour d) Lisa's DNA structure
a
42
Somatic symptom-related disorders and dissociative disorders are similar in that both A. have symptoms suggesting a physical dysfunction. B. typically begin after a stressful experience. C. involve aggressive outbursts. D. are delusional in quality.
b
43
Behavioural models consider compulsions to be 1) classically conditioned responses. 2) operantly conditioned responses. 3) a result of suppressed obsessions. 4) related to deficient locus coeruleus activity.
2
44
The diathesis-stress paradigm emphasises that psychopathology results from a) predisposition and the unconscious. b) predisposition and environmental disturbances. c) physiology and biochemistry. d) attachment and gestalt problems.
b
45
In the human sexual response cycle, what is the name of the phase in which blood flows to the genitalia and pleasurable sensations build? 1) desire 2) excitement 3) orgasm 4) anticipatory
2
46
Delirium tremens refers to A. a symptom of conversion disorder. B. the symptoms that accompany an overdose of heroin. C. the symptoms that may accompany withdrawal from alcohol. D. the hallucinations common in schizophrenia.
c
47
Dr. Bradley has been conducting a case study of Brenda P., a woman with dissociative identity disorder. Which of the following statements by Dr. Bradley is a misuse of the case study method? 1) "Brenda, a woman with dissociative identity disorder, was sexually abused as a child. Therefore, all individuals with multiple personality disorder must have been abuse victims." 2) "Since Brenda was not sexually abused, the theory that all dissociation is caused by sexual abuse may not be universally true." 3) "Brenda was sexually molested as a child. This leads me to hypothesize that perhaps other individuals with dissociative identity disorder were molested as children." 4) All of the above are examples of inappropriate uses of the case study.
1
48
When an individual with schizophrenia shows a blunted affect, that individual 1) does not experience emotions. 2) does not express emotions. 3) does not experience physiological arousal in emotionally intense situations. 4) All of the above.
2
49
Anorexia nervosa implies that those with the disorder become disinterested in food, while the reality is that: a) they are preoccupied with food. b) they are repulsed by food. c) they like to watch other people eat food. d) they truly are not interested in food.
a
50
Which personality disorder is most appropriate for Joe? He lives alone in a cabin in the woods where he does the minimum to get by. When approached, he responds appropriately but is not interested in conversation or making friends. 1) avoidant 2) schizoid 3) histrionic 4) borderline
2
51
The neuroscience paradigm A. suggests that genes are responsible for most types of psychopathology. B. suggests that dopamine is linked to most types of psychopathology. C. asserts that mental disorders are linked to aberrant processes in the brain. D. asserts that mental disorders are linked to environmental disturbances.
c
52
Helping a person engage in tasks that provide an opportunity for positive reinforcement is called a) observational learning b) behavioural activation therapy c) classical learning d) operant learning
b
53
A distinctive facet of the cognitive behavioural paradigm is that thoughts 1) are a result of feelings. 2) are a direct result of past experiences. 3) are less important than behaviours. 4) cause feelings.
2
54
Oscar feels the urge to turn a light switch on and off 12 times before leaving a room. This would be referred to as a) an irrational belief. b) generalised anxiety. c) an obsession. d) a compulsion.
D (Refer to mastery quiz for Chapter 7)
55
Externalizing problems are more frequent in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and internalizing problems are more frequent in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, regardless of culture. A. boys; girls B. girls; boys C. boys; boys D. Gender distribution varies widely in different cultures
a
56
Persistent and troubling attractions to unusual sexual activities or objects is called A. sexual dysfunction. B. sexual function. C. paraphilia. D. All of the above
c
57
Schizophrenia usually appears in 1) early childhood. 2) middle or late childhood. 3) adolescence or early adulthood. 4) late adulthood.
3
58
Compared to children with ADHD, children with oppositional defiant disorder 1) are more impulsive. 2) are more deliberate in their unruly behaviour. 3) are more likely to be male. 4) have more attentional deficits.
2
59
In the cognitive-behavioural view, the non-eating of anorexics is reinforced by a) reducing anxiety about being fat. b) reducing sexual demands from males. c) attention of overly concerned family members. d) increased time and energy for studies.
a
60
The field concerned with the nature, development, and treatment of psychological disorders is called A. psychopathology. B. psychotherapy. C. psychoanalysis. D. All of the above
a
61
Which of these diagnoses is not included in the DSM-5? 1) mixed anxiety depressive disorder 2) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder 3) premenstrual dysphoric disorder 4) somatic symptom disorder
1
62
Sarah is excessively concerned that she is becoming fat and restricts her eating to avoid such a consequence. She weighs approximately 20% less than normal body weight given her height. At times, she will sit down with her family and eat a full meal, but immediately afterwards takes several laxatives. Sarah most likely has 1) anorexia, restricting type 2) anorexia, binge-eating-purging type 3) bulimia nervosa 4) binge eating disorder
2
63
Acute stress disorder differs from PTSD in that the symptoms a) are more severe. b) last longer. c) last only a short period of time. d) are hard to define.
c
64
Professor Clark wishes to study the percentage of men from various social classes who drop out of school. Which of the following methods would be most useful? 1) the experiment 2) the case study 3) epidemiological research 4) the mixed designs
3
65
Why do women have poorer health in general than men? a) Women live longer than men b) Women are more likely to be diagnosed than men c) Women are exposed to more stress than men d) All of the above
d
66
A precursor to antisocial personality disorder is 1) conduct disorder. 2) oppositional disorder. 3) antisocial disorder of childhood or adolescence. 4) pervasive developmental disorder.
1
67
Correlational data would allow one to make which of the following statements? 1) "Depression causes weight gain." 2) "Weight gain causes people to become depressed." 3) "Depression is associated with higher weight." 4) "Lack of social support is the root of both depression and weight gain."
3
68
Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Culture can have a large influence on which symptoms of a given disorder are expressed B. For most diagnoses in the DSM-5, it is advised not to consider cultural context C. All symptoms of psychiatric disorders manifest themselves in similar ways across cultures D. The DSM-II was the first edition of the DSM to consider cultural and ethnic variations in psychopathology
a
69
Which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT mentioned in the text as being implicated in psychopathology? 1) GABA 2) Dopamine 3) Serotonin 4) All of the above are mentioned
4
70
Miguel experienced a sudden, inexplicable blindness. Tests have shown no physical basis for his symptoms. The most likely diagnosis is A. conversion disorder. B. somatic symptom disorder. C. dissociative identity disorder. D. illness anxiety disorder.
a
71
If the heritability of ADHD is around .70, then A. 70% of ADHD is due to environment and 30% is attributed to genes. B. 30% of ADHD is due to genes and 70% is attributed to variations in our brain. C. individual heritability for ADHD is .70 and has little to do with our parents. D. in a given population, approximately 70% of variation in ADHD is attributed to genes and approximately 30% is attributed to the environment.
d
72
The most prevalent DSM-5 personality disorder in a community setting is A. antisocial personality disorder. B. borderline personality disorder. C. avoidant personality disorder. D. schizotypal personality disorder.
c
73
Since watching his mother get hit and killed by a car two years ago, Chris has felt like he has been watching himself from outside of his body and thinks that voices sound strange. He is likely suffering from 1) depersonalization disorder. 2) dissociative identity disorder. 3) dissociative fugue. 4) None of the above.
1
74
The three clusters of personality disorders are A. odd/eccentric, anxious/fearful, and dramatic/erratic. B. odd/avoidant, anxious/fearful, and dramatic/attention-seeking. C. odd/eccentric, anxious/withdrawn, and dramatic/erratic. D. odd/avoidant, anxious/fearful, and attention-seeking/erratic
a
75
When considering the etiology of depressive disorders, the latest evidence suggests that they are 1) neurobiological. 2) psychosocial. 3) both neurobiological and psychosocial. 4) mostly genetic.
3
76
Which neurotransmitter has been implicated in alcohol tolerance? 1) serotonin 2) dopamine 3) norepinephrine 4) GABA
4
77
To be diagnosed with bipolar I disorder, a person 1) must be currently experiencing manic symptoms. 2) must have experienced hypomanic symptoms as well as depressive symptoms at some point in their lifetime. 3) must have had at least one episode of mania at some point in their lifetime. 4) must have experienced at least one depressive episode.
3
78
Which of the following is responsible for the relationship between low SES and poor mental and physical health? a) Environmental factors reinforce poor health behaviours b) Limited access to health services c) Greater exposure to stress d) All of the above
d
79
Nick was born with a predisposition for aggression and impulsivity that has resulted in frequent trouble with the law. As a result of time spent in jail, Nick has developed alcohol dependence. This is an example of A. linkage analysis. B. epigenetics. C. gene-environment interaction. D. reciprocal gene-environment interaction.
d
80
Which of the following is a proposed childhood disorders classification in the proposed DSM-5? 1) neurodevelopmental disorders 2) disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders 3) autism 4) both 1 and 2
4
81
Jacqueline has been consistently depressed for the past three years. Based on this information, the best diagnosis for Jacqueline would be A. persistent depressive disorder. B. cyclothymic disorder. C. bipolar disorder. D. disruptive mood regulation disorder.
a
82
Which of the following is NOT one of the DSM-5 categories for PTSD? A. Intrusively re-experiencing the traumatic event B. Avoidance of stimuli associated with the event C. Mood and cognitive changes following the trauma D. Forgetfulness and disorientation following the trauma
d
83
Persistent and troubling attractions to unusual sexual activities or objects is called A. sexual dysfunction. B. sexual function. C. paraphilia. D. All of the above
c
84
A common focus of most effective psychological treatments for the anxiety disorders is 1) response prevention. 2) exposure. 3) muscle relaxation. 4) behavioural activation.
2
85
James is struggling with schizophrenia. He also finds it difficult to experience pleasure from activities that he enjoyed before his symptoms began. This is an example of A. alogia. B. anhedonia. C. avolition. D. asociality.
b
86
Stimulant drugs have which of the following effects on hyperactive children? A. Increased activity level B. Immediate and steady improvement in academic achievement C. Short-term improvements in attention, goal-directed activity and behaviour D. Addiction to the medication
c
87
The two major theories of DID are 1) post-traumatic and sociocognitive. 2) post-traumatic and psychoanalytic. 3) behavioural and psychoanalytic. 4) post-traumatic and cognitive-behavioural.
1
88
The principal cognitive explanation for the etiology of agoraphobia is the A. fear-of-fear hypothesis. B. interoceptive conditioning C. two-factor model D. operant conditioning
a
89
Lucy complained of paralysis in her leg that made it impossible for her to work or do household chores. When in the emergency room, she appeared unconcerned with her ailment and discussed it at great length. She even invited people to come and poke her leg to show that she experienced no sensations. She would most likely be diagnosed with 1) somatic symptom disorder. 2) conversion disorder. 3) malingering. 4) illness anxiety disorder.
2
90
The principal form of psychological treatment for anorexia nervosa is A. reinforcing appropriate eating behaviours. B. providing a safe inpatient environment. C. social skills training. D. family therapy.
d
91
The worries of people with GAD 1) are generally limited to physiological concerns. 2) are similar to worries of most people, just more excessive. 3) typically are driven by another Axis I disorder. 4) All of the above.
2
92
Abusing more than one drug at a time is referred to as a) polydrug abuse. b) multiple substance abuse. c) multiplied addiction. d) All of the above
a
93
Current results from brain imaging studies 1) are useful in diagnosing psychopathology. 2) indicate that most disorders affect only a tiny portion of the brain. 3) suggest that most psychopathology is due to deficits in the frontal lobe. 4) are not strong enough for these methods to be used in diagnosing psychopathology.
4
94
One would expect items on a depression assessment measure to have A. interrater reliability. B. alternate-form reliability. C. internal consistency reliability. D. external reliability.
c
95
Studies on the effects of smoking marijuana on the brain have shown that it is associated with 1) impaired short-term memory and increased blood flow to brain regions associated with emotion. 2) impaired long-term memory and decreased blood flow to brain regions associated with emotion. 3) impaired short-term memory and increased blood flow to brain regions associated with attention. 4) impaired long-term memory and decreased blood flow to brain regions associated with attention.
1
96
Dissociative identity disorder and schizophrenia A. are two entirely different disorders. B. are synonyms. C. are very similar; the person with schizophrenia has two personalities, while the person with dissociative identity disorder has three or more. D. are similar in that both have hallucinations and delusions.
a
97
Chris is suffering from a migraine headache. His mother gives him a small white pill to take and tells him that it is a new medication specifically for migraines. After taking the pill, Chris reports feeling a bit better. The pill was actually just a breath mint. This phenomenon is an example of A. misdirection. B. malingering. C. the placebo effect. D. the hopefulness principle.
c
98
Personality disorders are defined as A. maladaptive behaviours that consistently violate the rights of others. B. long-standing, pervasive, and inflexible patterns of behaviour and inner experience that deviate from the expectations of a person’s culture. C. any psychological disorder having an onset before age 12 and recurring at least three times during adult life. D. chronic patterns of extreme instability in relationships, mood, and self-image.
b
99
Which of the following lists the correct order for the four responses in the human sexual response cycle? 1) desire, excitement, orgasm and resolution 2) desire, excitement, resolution and climax 3) excitement, desire, orgasm and resolution 4) desire, orgasm, excitement and resolution
1
100
Which of the following symptoms are indicative of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, according to the DSM-5? 1) Severe recurrent temper outbursts 2) Swings in mood from extreme highs to extreme lows 3) Persistent negative mood 4) Both temper outbursts and a persistent negative mood
4
101
Stressful life events appear to be a causal factor in depression, on the basis of research showing that A. depressed people experience more losses of marriages and jobs. B. many people report life stresses before they become depressed. C. depression rates increase after major disasters. D. lab induced stress leads to increased depression.
b
102
‘Delirium tremens’ refers to A. a symptom of conversion disorder. B. the symptoms that accompany an overdose of heroin. C. the symptoms that may accompany withdrawal from alcohol. D. the hallucinations common in schizophrenia.
c
103
Yolanda vacillates between feeling extremely positive feelings for her friend and having extreme negative feelings for her, often for no apparent reason. When these changes in her disposition occur, she also experiences deep depression and sometimes engages in self-injurious behaviour. On the basis of this information, Yolanda most likely has __________ personality disorder. A. borderline B. schizoid C. obsessive-compulsive D. paranoid
a
104
Xavier is recording his thoughts each time he feels depressed. This is also referred to as a __________ assessment. A. projective B. behavioural C. cognitive D. neuropsychological
c
105
Shannon, a young high school student, was recently suspended from school for stealing money from younger children, writing graffiti on the bathroom walls, and beating up another student. Shannon's teacher reports that she has very few friends. The most likely diagnosis for Shannon would be A. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. B. antisocial personality disorder. C. oppositional defiant disorder. D. conduct disorder.
d
106
What diagnosis would be most appropriate for Anna? She says she would like to meet people but is too afraid of saying something foolish to speak to them. She describes herself as the ultimate social klutz because she never knows what to say or do. As a result, she keeps to herself except for interacting with a few friends she has known since childhood. 1) schizoid personality disorder 2) schizotypal personality disorder 3) avoidant personality disorder 4) dependent personality disorder
3
107
Which of the following is a characteristic of borderline personality disorder? A. Emotional dysregulation B. Low extraversion C. Bland, dull affect D. Panic attacks
a
108
The highest priority of the DSM-5 is that it A. is reliable. B. is useful to clinicians. C. is shorter than the DSM-IV-TR. D. is bilingual.
b
109
Psychological treatments for individuals with Alzheimer's 1) focus on helping the individual to admit to, and understand their cognitive deficiencies and limitations. 2) are usually psychodynamic. 3) focus on helping patients and families deal with the effects of the disease. 4) can remove their memory deficits.
3
110
Defining mental disorder on the basis of personal distress is problematic for which reason? 1) High levels of distress and suffering are normal in modern society. 2) Some mental disorders do not involve personal distress. 3) It ignores the suffering that family members of disturbed people experience. 4) It does not apply to physiological disorders.
2
111
The two-factor model of conditioning for PTSD involves classical conditioning and 1) operant conditioning. 2) socialisation 3) a neutral stimulus. 4) modelling.
1
112
After being released from a brief hospitalization for minor surgery, 70-year-old Mrs. Bee seemed distractible and disoriented. She did not even recognize her husband when he came to pick her up from the hospital. After they returned home, they discussed their plans for the weekend and Mrs. Bee seemed fine, but as night came on, she could not sleep and began accusing Mr. Bee of throwing away her belongings while she was away. Which of the following disorders best fits Mrs. Bee's symptoms? A. Delusional (paranoid) disorder B. Early dementia, probably Alzheimer’s disease C. Delirium D. Depression
c
113
Diagnostic systems allow clinicians and scientists to: A. conduct psychotherapy. B. communicate accurately with one another about cases and research. C. understand the role of cultural bias. D. All of the above
b
114
Correlational data would allow one to make which of the following statements? A. “Depression causes weight gain” B. “Weight gain causes people to become depressed” C. “Depression is associated with higher weight” D. “Lack of social support is the root of both depression and weight gain”
c
115
Which neurotransmitter has been implicated in alcohol tolerance? A. Serotonin B. Dopamine C. Norepinephrine D. GABA
d
116
10. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Culture can have a large influence on which symptoms of a given disorder are expressed B. For most diagnoses in the DSM-5, it is advised not to consider cultural context C. All symptoms of psychiatric disorders manifest themselves in similar ways across cultures D. The DSM-II was the first edition of the DSM to consider cultural and ethnic variations in psychopathology
a
117
Symptoms of PTSD are grouped into which of the following major categories? A. Re-experiencing of traumatic event, avoidance of stimuli associated with event, negative alterations in mood or cognition, and increased arousal or reactivity B. Re-experiencing of traumatic event, avoidance of stimuli associated with event, and anxiety C. Hypervigilance, avoidance of stimuli associated with event, and exaggerated startle response D. Avoidance of stimuli associated with event, symptoms of increased arousal, and symptoms of suicidality
a
118
Which of the following symptoms manifest in children with PTSD, but usually not in adults with PTSD? A. Sleep problems B. Extreme temper tantrums C. Flashbacks D. Hopelessness
b
119
In regards to suicide and gender, more __________ attempt suicide and more __________ actually kill themselves. a) women; men b) women; women c) men; men d) men; women
a
120
A state of great mental confusion is called 1) deterioration. 2) delirium. 3) deregulation. 4) All of the above.
2
121
Which of the following describes the relationship between depression and suicide? A. Almost all people who commit suicide are depressed B. Almost all people who are depressed attempt suicide C. More than half of the people who attempt suicide are depressed at the time of the act D. Contrary to popular belief, there is no relationship between depression and suicide
c
122
Cindy is an accomplished lawyer who sought psychological help in dealing with the stresses of balancing work and family responsibilities. Which definition of mental disorder applies to Cindy? a) Harmful dysfunction b) Violation of social norms c) Personal distress d) Disability
c
123
Which of the following is not considered a common symptom of depression? a) Psychomotor retardation or agitation b) Sleeping too much or too little c) Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt d) All of the above are common symptoms of depression
d
124
Intrusive, irrational and unwanted thoughts are called a) irrational beliefs. b) generalised anxiety. c) obsessions. d) compulsions.
c
125
The difference between anxiety and fear is that 1) anxiety is a response to immediate danger, while fear is defined as apprehension over an anticipated problem. 2) anxiety is immediate and fear is anticipated. 3) anxiety is apprehension over an anticipated problem, while fear is defined as a response to immediate danger. 4) anxiety is always adaptive, whereas fear is not.
3
126
Amanda consulted a physician because of the following experience: The week before, she felt that another voice was talking to her, although she tried to ignore it. She then had a period of hours that she was unable to recall, but her boyfriend reported later that, during that period, she behaved like a completely different person, being loud and boisterous in contrast to her usual shy and sedate personality. She had never had a similar experience and was at a loss to explain it. Amanda’s symptoms most likely meet the criteria for 1) schizophrenia. 2) depersonalisation disorder. 3) dissociative identity disorder. 4) None of the above.
3
127
Substance dependence may be distinguished from substance abuse by the fact that 1) substance dependence is associated more with legal trouble because of usage. 2) substance abuse results in not meeting major obligations. 3) substance dependent users endanger themselves by driving while under the influence. 4) substance dependence is associated with failed attempts to reduce usage.
4
128
Defining mental disorder on the basis of personal distress is problematic for which reason? A. High levels of distress and suffering are normal in modern society B. Some mental disorders do not involve personal distress C. It ignores the suffering that family members of disturbed people experience D. It does not apply to physiological disorders
b
129
The most prominent symptom of dementia is A. difficulty remembering things. B. disorientation. C. aggressive behaviour. D. depression.
a
130
Delirium tremens may result from a) a sudden drop in alcohol levels in a chronic, heavy drinker. b) high doses of alcohol in a person who has not previously drunk heavily. c) high doses of alcohol in a chronic heavy drinker. d) All of the above can cause the symptoms of delirium tremens
a
131
Symptoms of schizophrenia have been classified as A. positive, neutral, and negative. B. positive, negative, and disorganized. C. organized, positive, and negative. D. organized, disorganized, and negative.
b
132
The letters in the abbreviation DSM refer to: a) Diseases and Symptoms of the Mind. b) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. c) Diseases and Symptoms Manual. d) Disorders and Symptoms Manual.
b
133
Dissociative disorders share 1) obsessive thoughts. 2) an alteration in consciousness or identity. 3) an inability to distinguish reality from fantasy. 4) physical symptoms with no physiological basis.
2
134
During an acute episode of schizophrenia, the most prominent symptom(s) is/are 1) disorientation. 2) positive symptoms. 3) difficulty concentrating. 4) inability to bathe and take care of personal business.
2
135
What has been shown to be related to the changes in marijuana consumption among high school students? A. Social factors that foster marijuana use, such as joblessness or economic factors B. Media images supporting cigarette smoking C. Lowered purity of marijuana available in the market D. Beliefs that the risks associated with marijuana smoking are low
c ???
136
The most prominent symptom of dementia is 1) difficulty remembering things. 2) disorientation. 3) aggressive behaviour. 4) depression.
1
137
Jenny began to have sudden attacks of anxiety and dread and thus began to avoid public situations. Which disorder did Jenny likely have? 1) Panic disorder 2) Mood disorder 3) Specific phobic disorder 4) Avoidance disorder
1
138
Gender identity disorders almost always begin in 1) childhood. 2) adolescence. 3) early adulthood. 4) middle age.
1
139
Which of the following symptoms are indicative of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, according to the DSM-5? a) Severe recurrent temper outbursts b) Swings in mood from extreme highs to extreme lows c) Persistent negative mood d) Both temper outbursts and a persistent negative mood
d
140
A disorder that involves repetitive thoughts and behaviours that are so extreme as to interfere with everyday life is called: A. generalized anxiety disorder. B. post traumatic stress disorder. C. obsessive-compulsive disorder. D. social phobic disorder.
c
141
Panic attacks A. occur only in people with panic disorder, by definition. B. can occur in people who do not have panic disorder. C. occur in greatest frequency among people with schizophrenia. D. occur primarily in people with agoraphobia.
b
142
Behaviourists advocate that A. abnormal behaviour arises from discussions of abnormal behaviour. B. abnormal behaviour is learned. C. insight is important in changing behaviour. D. defences are associated with resolving anxiety.
b
143
Imagine that a man is bitten by a dog and then develops a phobia of dogs. The dog bite would be considered the A. UCS. B. UCR. C. CS. D. CR.
a
144
Which of the following is most prevalent? 1) binge eating disorder 2) anorexia nervosa, binge-eating/purging type 3) anorexia nervosa, restricting type 4) bulimia nervosa
1
145
Down’s syndrome is the result of A. environmental insult, usually during the birth process. B. a recessive-gene disease. C. a specific chromosomal abnormality. D. None of the above.
c
146
Incidence refers to A. the likelihood that a disorder will be found in another culture. B. the number of people who develop new cases of the disorder in a given time period. C. the proportion of a population that has a disorder now. D. the likelihood that a person will have a disorder given that they have a particular characteristic.
b
147
Sarah reported feeling a lack of energy, difficulty sleeping, loss of appetite, difficulty concentrating, and a loss of interest in activities she previously enjoyed. Based on this information, which of the following is the most likely diagnosis for Sarah? 1) Eating disorder 2) Major depressive disorder 3) Bipolar disorder 4) Generalized anxiety disorder
2
148
Which of the following disorders has the highest heritability estimates? 1) major depressive disorder 2) bipolar disorder 3) dysthymia 4) cyclothymia
2
149
Which of the following is not considered a common symptom of depression? A. Psychomotor retardation or agitation B. Sleeping too much or too little C. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt D. All of the above are common symptoms of depression
d
150
Symptoms and outcomes of body dysmorphic disorder may be common across cultures, but __________ tends to differ. 1) focus on specific body parts 2) number of body parts 3) frequency of checking behaviours 4) there are no differences across cultures
1
151
All of the following are examples of internalizing disorders EXCEPT: 1) depression. 2) social withdrawal. 3) anxiety. 4) ruminating.
4
152
Dialectical behaviour therapy for patients with borderline personality disorder combines 1) social skills training and free-association. 2) ego analysis and more directive behavioural techniques. 3) cognitive- behavioural problem-solving, social skills training and client-centered empathy. 4) Gestalt techniques and relaxation training.
3
153
The field of _____________________________ focuses on the disorders of childhood within the context of life-span development. a) developmental psychology b) developmental illness investigation c) developmental psychopathology d) adult development
c
154
Which of the following disorders is NOT part of the proposed DSM-5's chapter on OCD-related disorders? 1) body dysmorphic disorder 2) hoarding disorder 3) obsessive-compulsive disorder 4) panic disorder
4
155
The hopelessness theory of depression is predicated on A. depression resulting from previous helplessness situations. B. biological features of depression resulting in negative attributions. C. a return to the animal lab to further understand factors leading to depression. D. cognitive diatheses that lead to negative attributions.
d
156
People with anorexia nervosa A. stop eating because of an abnormal increase in blood sugar, which alters their perceptions of hunger. B. fear gaining weight so much that they stop eating. C. have lost their appetite, leading them to stop eating. D. stop eating but do not lose weight. 42.
b
157
Jenny began to have sudden attacks of anxiety and dread and thus began to avoid public situations. Which disorder did Jenny probably have? A. Panic disorder B. Mood disorder C. Specific phobic disorder D. Avoidance disorder
a
158
Binge eating disorder is characterized by bingeing A. between periods of starvation. B. and purging afterwards. C. with weight under 85% of normal. D. without compensatory behaviours
d
159
Wanda, a 12-year-old girl with severe intellectual developmental disorder, was taught to dress herself using the following approach: First, her teacher broke down the behaviour of getting dressed into a number of smaller steps, like pulling the neck hole over her head, putting her arm into a shirt sleeve, and then putting the other arm in. Each step was then demonstrated to Wanda, and she was rewarded for each small movement toward the goal. This approach is called 1) behavioural rehearsal. 2) applied behavior analysis. 3) self-instructional training. 4) behaviour contracting.
2
160
Dean is fearful of most social situations, whereas Andrew is only fearful of giving speeches. Dean would be diagnosed with __________ while Andrew would be diagnosed with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 1) social anxiety disorder, specific type; social anxiety disorder, generalised type 2) social anxiety disorder, generalised type; social anxiety disorder, specific type 3) agoraphobia, social type; social anxiety disorder, specific type 4) agoraphobia, social type; generalised anxiety disorder
2
161
The DSM-5 refers to the pathological use of substances as a) substance abuse. b) substance dependence. c) substance use disorder. d) None of the above
c
162
Recent studies on cognitive-behavioural factors involved in bulimia nervosa have shown that bingeing and purging may function as means of 1) relieving stress and negative affect. 2) increasing energy and thus mood. 3) feeling in control of the situation. 4) distracting oneself from inner pain.
1
163
Culture shapes all of the following EXCEPT: 1) language used to describe symptoms. 2) expression of symptoms. 3) commonness of the symptoms. 4) etiology of the symptoms.
4
164
The principal cognitive explanation for the aetiology of agoraphobia is the A. fear-of-fear hypothesis. B. interoceptive conditioning. C. two-factor model. D. operant conditioning.
a
165
Which of the following factors were found to be predictive of conduct disorder in a large-scale research study on children from New Zealand? 1) being maltreated as children and low birth weight 2) presence of low MAOA activity 3) low birth weight and being male 4) both maltreatment and low MAOA activity
4
166
John is persistently and excessively afraid of snakes. Whenever he sees one, he feels intense anxiety and thus avoids snakes at all costs. John realises, however, that this fear is unrealistic. John most likely has a) obsessive-compulsive disorder. b) social anxiety disorder. c) specific phobia. d) panic disorder.
c
167
The DSM-5 refers to the pathological use of substances as A. substance abuse. B. substance dependence. C. substance use disorder. D. None of the above
c
168
The following type of response to behaviour results in an increased probability of the behaviour occurring again. 1) positive reinforcement 2) negative reinforcement 3) extinction 4) both 1 and 2
4
169
A reciprocal gene-environment interaction A. involves the idea that genes may predispose individuals to seek out certain environments. B. involves how adopted children take on the characteristics of their adopted parents. C. is a useful research method in adoption studies. D. suggests that individuals who spend a lot of time in bars are more likely to develop alcohol dependence than those who do not frequent bars.
a
170
If a diagnosis helps clinicians make good predictions and informs them of the likely course of the disorder, psychologists would say that the diagnosis has 1) interrater reliability. 2) construct validity. 3) test validity. 4) internal consistency
2
171
A negative symptom of schizophrenia is A. restricted affect. B. asociality. C. agitation. D. Both A and B.
b
172
Donna was brutally assaulted outside the local supermarket. Although she cannot recall the details of the assault, she becomes terrified when she drives past the 7-Eleven. This is an example of a situation in which a person a) has an explicit memory, but no implicit memory. b) has neither explicit nor implicit memory. c) will most likely develop dissociative identity disorder. d) has no explicit memory, but has an implicit memory.
d
173
Meta-analysis is A. a method of analysing data for an individual study. B. a method of examining the findings from many studies in a quantitative manner. C. a procedure that has solved the problem of psychotherapy. D. None of the above.
b
174
For women with sexual dysfunctions in the context of marital relationship distress, which of the following has been found to improve many aspects of sexual functioning? 1) SSRI medications 2) behavioural marital couple’s therapy 3) anti-anxiety medications 4) psychoanalysis
2
175
Which of the following is NOT one of the DSM-5 categories for PTSD? a) Intrusively re-experiencing the traumatic event b) Avoidance of stimuli associated with the event c) Mood and cognitive changes following the trauma d) Forgetfulness and disorientation following the trauma
d
176
Veronica imagines that she will one day have great success in business, although she is working as a waitress now. She has difficulty getting along at work because she envies her boss' position of authority (feeling she is more intelligent than him) and expects special favours such as not having to clean the stove like the other waitresses. Which of the following personality disorders best fits Veronica? 1) narcissistic 2) borderline 3) histrionic 4) avoidant
1
177
You witness a young child in the grocery store kicking and screaming because his mother won’t buy him candy. Which of the following DSM-5 disorders would apply to the child? A. Conduct disorder B. Oppositional defiant disorder C. It depends on the mother's response; if she gives in, the behaviour is probably not a disorder, but the result of poor parenting strategies D. There is not enough information provided to make a diagnosis. In addition, it depends on the child's age and other factors.
d
178
Dr. Johnson conducted a study of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. She developed a new medication that was significantly better than placebo in treating the disorder, but this effect was not found in a similar study conducted in another laboratory. Dr. Johnson's study has __________ internal validity and __________ external validity. 1) high; high 2) high; low 3) low; high 4) low; low
2
179
The carriers of the genetic information passed from parent to child are called a) nature. b) genes. c) zygotes. d) DNA.
b
180
A theory A. is derived from hypotheses. B. is the result of long deliberation by a scientist. C. attempts to explain a class of phenomena. D. All of the above
d
181
The first widely used exposure treatment for anxiety disorders was called A. systematic desensitization. B. flooding. C. operant conditioning. D. reinforcement training.
a
182
Studies of children whose mothers had schizophrenia but were raised by adopted parents indicate 1) that there is not a strong genetic factor in the development of schizophrenia. 2) that there is a strong genetic factor in the development of schizophrenia. 3) that children who were adopted into homes with low EE were more likely to develop schizophrenia. 4) These studies have been inconclusive.
2
183
When those with bulimia nervosa are bingeing they: A. are fully aware of what they are doing and feel shame afterwards. B. are not always fully aware of what they are doing and feel shame afterwards. C. do not care what they are doing and whether their actions are positive or negative. D. None of the above
b
184
The best evidence supporting a genetic component to different disorders stems from 1) proband studies. 2) studies of twins reared apart. 3) sibling studies. 4) family studies.
2
185
The physical consequence associated with binge eating disorder includes all of the following EXCEPT: a) breathing problems. b) cardiovascular problems. c) migraine headaches. d) joint/muscle problems.
c
186
Defining mental disorder on the basis of personal distress is problematic for which reason? A. High levels of distress and suffering are normal in modern society B. Some mental disorders do not involve personal distress C. It ignores the suffering that family members of disturbed people experience D. It does not apply to physiological disorders
b
187
Which of the following is emphasized in Lineman’s Dialectical Behaviour Therapy for borderline personality disorder? A. Systematic assessment before therapy begins B. Calm acceptance of contradictions and acting out C. Focusing on fears of vulnerability in a dangerous, unpredictable world D. Setting appropriate limits clearly from the beginning
b
188
According to the diathesis-stress model, if Linda inherited a predisposition that places her at high risk for schizophrenia, A. given a certain amount of stress, it is likely Linda will develop schizophrenia. B. Linda will most definitely develop schizophrenia. C. Linda will only develop schizophrenia if she has also inherited a predisposition to be paranoid. D. Linda also inherited a schema that predisposes her to experience stress more easily than most people.
a
189
Symptoms of PTSD are grouped into which of the following major categories? 1) re-experiencing of traumatic event, avoidance of stimuli associated with event and anxiety 2) hyper vigilance, avoidance of stimuli associated with event and exaggerated startle response 3) avoidance of stimuli associated with event, symptoms of increased arousal and symptoms of suicidality 4) re-experiencing of traumatic event, avoidance of stimuli associated with event and symptoms of increased arousal
4
190
With regard to the theory that adults can recover memories of childhood abuse after many years, it is A. best to assume that such people are malingering. B. viable to assume that such recovered memories are indeed true. C. best to treat these people as sufferers of PTSD. D. safest to regard such theories as tentative.
d
191
Depersonalisation and derealisation are common symptoms for which disorder? 1) obsessive-compulsive disorder 2) specific phobia 3) social anxiety disorder 4) panic disorder
4
192
Behavioural and cognitive theorists differ in their emphasis on 1) events versus interpretations of events. 2) feelings versus thoughts. 3) reinforcement versus free-will. 4) childhood experiences versus current events.
1
193
The most widely used psychological treatment for OCD related disorders is 1) interpersonal psychotherapy. 2) psychoanalysis. 3) exposure and response prevention. 4) operant conditioning.
3
194
Individuals with borderline personality disorder are difficult to treat because 1) their intellectual functioning is too low for them to reach true insights. 2) they do not feel distressed, despite being so distressing to others. 3) they have extreme difficulties trusting others, including a therapist. 4) all of the above.
3
195
The worries of people with GAD a) are generally limited to physiological concerns. b) are similar to worries of most people, just more excessive. c) typically are driven by another Axis I disorder. d) All of the above
b
196
Psychoactive drugs can be dangerous when used by elderly people because A. they are not tested on the elderly, only on young people. B. side effects are more common. C. toxicity is more of a problem. D. All of the above.
d
197
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the primary treatment for PTSD. 1) exposure treatment 2) flooding 3) classical conditioning 4) affective rehearsal treatment
1
198
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of stigma? a) A label applied to a group of people that distinguishes them from others b) A label applied to a group of people that breaks the law c) The label is linked to deviant or undesirable attributes by society d) People with the label face unfair discrimination
b
199
Externalizing disorders include all of the following EXCEPT 1) ADHD 2) noncompliance 3) conduct disorder 4) social withdrawal
4
200
As compared to developmentally normal levels of hyperactivity, diagnosable hyperactivity 1) impairs the child's functioning. 2) negatively affects the child's ability to mature appropriately. 3) is treatable only with medication. 4) all of the above.
1
201
During binge episodes, many bulimics 1) feel a great sense of control 2) experience a feeling of being out of control 3) feel very satisfied 4) None of the above.
2
202
Which of the following statements is true? 1) Starting in early adulthood, synaptic connections begin to be eliminated. 2) Connections in the brain become greater as an individual moves through adulthood. 3) Brain development begins in the second trimester. 4) All of the above.
1
203
A first step for treating people dependent on drugs is a) helping them identify why they began to use drugs. b) detoxification. c) helping them understand why the drug is not good for them. d) committing to abstinence.
b
204
The incentive-sensitization theory of substance dependence considers A. cravings for the substance and the pleasure that comes with taking the substance. B. the extremes a person will go to obtain the substance. C. the age of a person when they first use the substance. D. how much a person likes the substance
a
205
Irritable or aggressive behaviour, reckless or self-destructive behaviour, difficulty falling or staying asleep, and hyper vigilance are all symptoms associated with the DSM-5's ___________________________________________________ category of PTSD. a) intrusively re-experiencing the traumatic event b) avoidance of stimuli associated with the event c) mood and cognitive changes following the trauma d) symptoms of increased arousal and reactivity
c
206
Which of the following is a prominent behavioural technique for the treatment of GAD? 1) cognitive restructuring. 2) imaginal exposure. 3) relaxation training. 4) SSRIs.
3
207
The most widely used psychological treatment for OCD-related disorders is A. interpersonal psychotherapy. B. psychoanalysis. C. exposure and response prevention. D. operant conditioning.
c
208
A concern about the DSM-5’s classification system for personality disorders is that a) about half of the people who meet criteria for one personality disorder also meet criteria for another personality disorder. b) some of the disorders are rare in community settings, and even in most clinical settings. c) many people who seem to have a serious personality problem don't fit any of the personality disorder diagnoses. d) all of the above.
d
209
Which of the following are designed to measure behavioural disturbances resulting from brain dysfunction? 1) Brain imaging techniques 2) Electrocardiograms 3) Neuropsychological tests 4) Neurotransmitter assessment
3
210
Personality disorders are defined as A. maladaptive behaviours that consistently violate the rights of others. B. long-standing, pervasive, and inflexible patterns of behaviour and inner experience that deviate from the expectations of a person’s culture. C. any psychological disorder having an onset before age 12 and recurring at least three times during adult life. D. chronic patterns of extreme instability in relationships, mood, and self-image.
b
211
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterised by all of the following EXCEPT a) poor academic work. b) shyness. c) difficulty getting along with peers. d) distractibility.
b
212
Attempting to stop an obsession is called A. thought suppression. B. compulsive suppression. C. ceasing behaviour. D. reinforcement attempts
a
213
Contemporary views on genetic and environmental factors in behaviour emphasize that A. genes are important for only some behaviours. B. a good environment can overcome genetic limitations. C. both factors influence each other. D. the percentage of genetic influence on a behaviour can be measured.
c
214
The psychoanalytic theory rests upon the assumption that psychopathology is the result of A. incomplete superego development. B. unconscious conflicts. C. ego defence mechanisms. D. over-control of the pleasure principle.
b
215
Which of the following disorders is classified as an autism spectrum disorder in the DSM-5? A. Autistic disorder B. Asperger’s disorder C. Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified D. All of the above
d
216
Current results from brain imaging studies A. are useful in diagnosing psychopathology. B. indicate that most disorders affect only a tiny portion of the brain. C. suggest that most psychopathology is due to deficits in the frontal lobe. D. are not strong enough for these methods to be used in diagnosing psychopathology.
d
217
After looking through a fashion magazine, Anna feels fat and is ashamed of her body. She doubts that she will ever be as thin as the models she sees in the magazine. Which theory explains Anna’s reactions to the magazine? 1) biosocial theory 2) expectancy theory 3) objectification theory 4) self-deprecating theory
3
218
In regard to suicide and gender, more __________ attempt suicide and more __________ actually kill themselves. A. women; men B. women; women C. men; men D. men; women
a
219
Amy drinks frequently and requires more alcohol now than she did six months ago to achieve the same effect. She reports that she can out-drink most people. Amy is probably 1) genetically predisposed to alcoholism. 2) developing a physiological dependence on alcohol. 3) acquiring behavioural skills in modulating her drinking. 4) deluding herself. This is not physically possible.
2
220
All of the following are found in the somatic symptom disorders chapter in the DSM-5 EXCEPT: A. illness anxiety disorder. B. somatic symptom disorder. C. hypochondriasis. D. conversion disorder.
c
221
Wanda, a 12-year-old girl with severe intellectual disability, was taught to dress herself using the following approach: First, her teacher broke down the behaviour of getting dressed into a number of smaller steps, like pulling the neck hole over her head, putting her arm into a shirt sleeve, and then putting the other arm in. Each step was then demonstrated to Wanda, and she was rewarded for each small movement toward the goal. This approach is called A. behavioural rehearsal. B. applied behaviour analysis. C. self-instructional training. D. behaviour contracting.
b
222
The discovery of the cause of syphilis was important to the field of mental illness for which reason? A. Syphilis was widely feared and exacerbated mental illness B. It increased interest in determining biological causes for mental illness C. More asylum patients were diagnosed with syphilis D. It highlighted the need for valid diagnostic systems
b
223
Which of the following is a prominent behavioural technique for the treatment of GAD? A. Cognitive restructuring B. Imaginal exposure C. Relaxation training D. SSRIs
c
224
In bulimia nervosa, binge eating typically occurs a) while alone. b) after stress. c) after a negative social interaction. d) All of the above
d
225
The age at which one is considered ‘old,’ currently 65, is based upon A. clear biological changes that begin at about that age. B. social policy. C. the age at which individuals begin to refer to themselves as old. D. a scientific standard.
b
226
Which of the following is a compulsion? A. A persistent fear of getting dirty B. Having persistent doubts about whether the stove was turned off that morning C. Persistent checking for one’s keys D. Persistent thoughts about harming one’s spouse
c
227
Schizophrenia most commonly appears in A. early childhood. B. middle or late childhood. C. adolescence or early adulthood. D. late adulthood.
c
228
47.If a drug is used largely because it decreases negative mood, then the psychological effect of that drug is considered a) negatively reinforcing. b) positively reinforcing. c) non-addictive. d) a mood stabiliser.
a
229
When Dr. Smith diagnoses a patient with schizophrenia and Dr. Jones diagnoses that same patient with obsessive-compulsive disorder, we would say that Dr. Smith and Dr. Jones have 1) low diagnostic validity. 2) low diagnostic reliability. 3) low diagnostic accuracy. 4) low diagnostic criteria.
2
230
Schizophrenia is a disorder characterized by disturbances in 1) thought. 2) emotion. 3) behaviour. 4) all of the above.
4
231
The prognosis for dissociative amnesia usually involves a __________ remission with __________ recovery. 1) gradual; complete 2) gradual; partial 3) sudden; complete 4) sudden; partial
3
232
Which of the following is a chronic, milder form of bipolar disorder? a) Dysthymic disorder b) Cyclothymic disorder c) Manic-depression d) Hypomanic disorder
b
233
The three clusters of personality disorders are: a) Odd/Eccentric, Anxious/Fearful, and Dramatic/Erratic. b) Odd/Avoidant, Anxious/Fearful, and Dramatic/Attention-Seeking. c) Odd/Eccentric, Anxious/Withdrawn, and Dramatic/Erratic. d) Odd/Avoidant, Anxious/Fearful, and Attention-Seeking/Erratic.
a
234
Including symptoms of severe recurrent temper outbursts and persistent negative mood for at least one year beginning before age 10, _____________________ is a new diagnosis in the DSM-5. A. Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder B. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder C. Major Depressive Disorder D. Persistent Depressive Disorder
a
235
"About 2% of adults have obsessive-compulsive disorder." This is a statement about the __________ of obsessive-compulsive disorder. 1) incidence 2) prevalence 3) risk factor 4) correlation coefficient
2
236
Somatoform and dissociative disorders are similar in that both a) have symptoms suggesting a physical dysfunction. b) typically begin after a stressful experience. c) involve aggressive outbursts. d) are delusional in quality.
b
237
The DSM-5 criteria for a diagnosis of schizophrenia includes all of the following EXCEPT: a) delusions. b) hallucinations. c) forgetfulness. d) disorganised speech.
c
238
The fact that SSRI's often relieve symptoms of anxiety as well as depression suggests to some clinicians and researchers that 1) SSRI's are inadequate drugs for depression. 2) anxiety and depression should be part of the same diagnostic category. 3) anxiety should be treated with anxiolytics. 4) Axis I and II should be a dimensional diagnostic system.
2
239
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia include all of the following EXCEPT: 1) hallucinations. 2) delusions. 3) excesses and distortions. 4) sociality
4
240
One's observable characteristics are called a) fistulas. b) genotypes. c) genetic types. d) phenotypes.
d
241
Xavier is recording his thoughts each time he feels depressed. This is also referred to as a ______________________ assessment. a) projective b) behavioural c) cognitive d) neuropsychological
c
242
The traditional drugs for treating schizophrenia 1) enable schizophrenics to adjust to hospital life. 2) commonly produce depressive side-effects. 3) generally only reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia. 4) are effective with less than half of schizophrenics.
3
243
Interpersonal therapy emphasises the importance of __________ and how problems in these relationships contribute to psychological symptoms. 1) past relationships 2) current relationships 3) future relationships 4) both 1 and 2
2
244
If you are talking to a person with delirium, it may feel like you are talking 1) to someone who has suffered amnesia. 2) to a child. 3) to someone who is depressed. 4) to someone who is drunk.
4
245
Matt is fearful of interactions with others and avoids eating in public. Matt most likely has 1) specific phobia. 2) panic disorder with agoraphobia. 3) social anxiety disorder. 4) paranoia.
3
246
Generally, it is impossible for measures to be a) reliable but not valid. b) valid but not reliable. c) neither reliable nor valid. d) both reliable and valid.
b
247
John experiences symptoms of sad mood, increased sleep, agitation, poor appetite, and concentration difficulties most of the day. Julia, on the other hand, has symptoms of loss of interest in activities, lethargy, increased appetite, feelings of worthlessness, and recurrent thoughts of death. What can be concluded regarding John and Julia? 1) Both John and Julia have major depression, and have it at a similar level of severity. 2) John has mania, whereas Julia has major depression. 3) Both have major depression. 4) Both have bipolar I disorder.
3
248
Contemporary views on genetic and environmental factors in behaviour emphasise that 1) genes are important for only some behaviours. 2) a good environment can overcome genetic limitations. 3) both factors influence each other. 4) the percentage of genetic influence on a behaviour can be measured.
3
249
Which of the following is a compulsion? A. A persistent fear of getting dirty B. Having persistent doubts about whether the stove was turned off that morning C. Persistent checking for one’s keys D. Persistent thoughts about harming one’s spouse
c
250
The DSM-5’s definition of “mental disorder” involves all of the following criteria EXCEPT: 1) It occurs within multiple individuals. 2) It involves dysfunction. 3) It is not primarily a result of social deviance. 4) It is not a culturally specific reaction to an event.
1
251
The proposed DSM-5 refers to the pathological use of substances as 1) substance abuse 2) substance dependence 3) substance use disorder 4) None of the above.
3
252
Nick was born with a predisposition for aggression and impulsivity that has resulted in frequent trouble with the law. As a result of time spent in jail, Nick has developed alcohol dependence. This is an example of a) linkage analysis. b) epigenetics. c) gene-environment interaction. d) reciprocal gene-environment interaction.
d
253
According to the DSM-5, unwarranted fears about a serious illness despite absence of any significant somatic symptoms are called A. illness anxiety disorder. B. depersonalization/derealisation disorder. C. factitious disorder. D. conversion disorder
a
254
Long-term marijuana use may result in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, even long after one stops using. 1) visual processing difficulties 2) short term memory impairment 3) decreased attention span 4) increased agitation
2
255
Which of the following categories has NOT been proposed by the DSM-5 for sexual disorders? 1) sexual dysfunctions 2) paraphilias 3) sexual functions 4) they are all included in the proposed DSM-5
3
256
In what brain areas are abnormalities found in Alzheimer's patients? 1) frontal cortex 2) sensory cortical areas 3) hippocampus 4) both 1 and 3
3
257
Which of the following is a current or proximal cause of sexual dysfunctions, according to Masters and Johnson? 1) psychosexual trauma 2) fear of performance 3) excessive intake of alcohol 4) homosexual inclinations
2
258
In interpersonal psychotherapy, the focus of treatment is on examining 1) how the past is influencing the present. 2) cognitive biases in relationships. 3) current behaviours and how they interfere with relationships. 4) major interpersonal problems in current relationships.
4
259
The difference between emotions and moods are a) emotions involve feelings, while moods involve behaviours. b) emotions have been linked to psychological disorders, while moods have not. c) emotions are long-lived experiences, while moods tend to be short-lasting. d) emotions are fairly short-lived states, while moods tend to last for longer periods of time.
d
260
Julie has social anxiety disorder. Given this information, it would not be surprising if she also met DSM-5 criteria for a) schizophrenia. b) borderline personality disorder. c) avoidant personality disorder. d) obsessive compulsive personality disorder.
c
261
Meta-analysis is A. a method of analysing data for an individual study. B. a method of examining the findings from many studies in a quantitative manner. C. a procedure that has solved the problem of psychotherapy. D. None of the above
b
262
The difference between anxiety and fear is that: a) anxiety is a response to immediate danger, while fear is defined as apprehension over an anticipated problem. b) anxiety is immediate and fear is anticipated. c) anxiety is apprehension over an anticipated problem, while fear is defined as a response to immediate danger. d) anxiety is always adaptive, whereas fear is not.
c
263
Which of the following statements is TRUE? 1) Culture can have a large influence on which symptoms of a given disorder are expressed. 2) For most diagnoses in the DSM-5, it is advised not to consider cultural context. 3) All symptoms of psychiatric disorders manifest themselves in similar ways across cultures. 4) The DSM-II was the first edition of the DSM to consider cultural and ethnic variations in psychopathology.
1
264
Research on the genetic contribution of drug abuse has shown that 1) genetic risk factors are stronger for “hard” drugs, such as stimulants and hallucinogens. 2) genetic risk factors appear to be the same no matter what the drug. 3) genetic risk is strongest for alcohol. 4) only marijuana use has been shown to be unrelated to genetic risk.
2
265
Which of the following has been shown to reliably lead to long-term maintenance of weight gain in treating anorexia? 1) cognitive-behavioural therapy 2) family therapy 3) psychodynamic therapy 4) none of the above has been shown to reliably lead to long-term maintenance of weight gain
4
266
Prior to the onset of bulimia, sufferers often 1) have anorexia nervosa. 2) are overweight and dieting. 3) have attempted suicide. 4) have higher than normal levels of serotonin.
2
267
Schizophrenia is a disorder characterised by disturbances in a) thought. b) emotion. c) behaviour. d) All of the above
d
268
Which of the following distinguishes children with ADHD from other children? A. Extreme distractibility B. Anxiety C. Problems only in the classroom D. Poor social understanding
a
269
The difference between anxiety and fear is that A. anxiety is a response to immediate danger, while fear is defined as apprehension over an anticipated problem. B. anxiety is immediate and fear is anticipated. C. anxiety is apprehension over an anticipated problem, while fear is defined as a response to immediate danger. D. anxiety is always adaptive, whereas fear is not.
c
270
Which of the following is NOT a subcategory of paraphilia in the DSM-5? 1) fetishistic disorder 2) sexual arousal disorder 3) transvestic disorder 4) exhibitionistic disorder
2
271
Anne experienced extreme pain at the dentist as a child. Now, she goes to a different dentist, but feels her heart race when she arrives, and goes down when she leaves. Her heart racing whenever she goes to the dentist is due to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and the calming feeling when she leaves is due to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 1) classical conditioning, operant conditioning. 2) operant conditioning, classical conditioning. 3) operant conditioning, meditational learning. 4) operant conditioning, modeling.
1
272
The principal form of psychological treatment for anorexia nervosa is A. reinforcing appropriate eating behaviours. B. providing a safe inpatient environment. C. social skills training. D. family therapy.
d
273
Social selectivity refers to 1) cultivating only one's most important social relationships. 2) restricting one's social interactions only to family members. 3) seeking out new social interactions. 4) seeking out solitary social activities.
1
274
Which of the following is (are) our best hope for reducing the stigma against those diagnosed with a psychological disorder? A. Increase contact B. Increase education C. Increase equality legislation D. All of the above
d
275
Attempting to stop an obsession is called A. thought suppression. B. compulsive suppression. C. ceasing behaviour. D. reinforcement attempts.
a
276
Diagnostic systems allow clinicians and scientists to a) conduct psychotherapy. b) communicate accurately with one another about cases and research. c) understand the role of cultural bias. d) all of the above.
b
277
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of stigma? 1) A label applied to a group of people that distinguishes them from others. 2) A label applied to a group of people that breaks the law. 3) The label is linked to deviant or undesirable attributes by society. 4) People with the label face unfair discrimination.
2
278
Externalising problems are more frequent in\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and internalising problems are more frequent in\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, regardless of culture. a) boys; girls b) girls; boys c) boys; boys d) Gender distribution varies widely in different cultures.
a
279
Contemporary views on genetic and environmental factors in behaviour emphasize that A. genes are important for only some behaviours. B. a good environment can overcome genetic limitations. C. both factors influence each other. D. the percentage of genetic influence on a behaviour can be measured
c
280
When people with schizophrenia are hearing voices, one of the parts of the brain that appears to be activated is A. the cerebellum. B. the reticular formation. C. Broca’s area. D. Werner’s region.
c
281
The best definition of mental disorder takes all of the following into account EXCEPT: A. personal distress. B. violation of social norms. C. disability. D. syndromes.
d
282
The goal of treatment of dissociative disorders should be to 1) encourage repression of the underlying trauma. 2) encourage others to reinforce symptoms. 3) convince the person that splitting into different personalities is no longer necessary to deal with traumas. 4) provide a confrontational setting where symptoms are not needed.
3
283
Bill and Deborah are in sex therapy. One exercise that they are directed to practice involves touching each other and feeling comfortable with contact, but without any sexual intercourse. This intervention is called A. sensate focus. B. sensuality training. C. physical redirecting. D. cognitive restructuring.
a
284
Behavioural inhibition is defined as the a) tendency to experience neuroticism. b) inability to inhibit one’s behavioural reactions. c) tendency to become agitated and cry when faced with novel stimuli. d) inability to regulate symptoms of anxiety.
c
285
Self-Report Stress Checklists are less time consuming than conducting interviews, but they are problematic as well. Which of the following problems apply to these checklists? A. Variability in how people interpret events B. Recall and forgetting C. Biased responses based on current mood D. All of the above
d
286
The three features that are required for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa include all of the following EXCEPT: a) restriction of behaviours that lead to very low body weight. b) intense fear of gaining weight and being fat. c) distorted body image. d) body weight is normal.
d
287
Which of the following is NOT one of the DSM-5 categories for PTSD? A. Intrusively re-experiencing the traumatic event B. Avoidance of stimuli associated with the event C. Mood and cognitive changes following the trauma D. Forgetfulness and disorientation following the trauma
d
288
The single subject ABAB design cannot be used to study behaviours that 1) are not prevalent in the population. 2) do not return to baseline. 3) are highly reactive. 4) have highly heritable components.
2
289
Dissociative identity disorder must involve A. at least three distinct personalities. B. selective amnesia. C. at least two distinct personalities. D. depersonalization.
c
290
Attempting to stop an obsession is called a) thought suppression. b) compulsive suppression. c) ceasing behaviour. d) reinforcement attempts.
a
291
Unusual and eccentric thoughts and behaviour (psychoticism), interpersonal detachment, and suspiciousness are characteristics of the DSM-5's __________ personality disorder. 1) schizotypal 2) narcissistic 3) avoidant 4) borderline
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