Chapter 1 - Introduction & Historical Overview Flashcards
Operant conditioning is associated with who?
Thorndike (1874-1949)
Ego
Deals with reality - reality principle - mediates between demands of reality and the demands of the Id for immediate gratification
Name the 2 components of systematic desensitisation
Deep muscle relaxtion Gradual exposure to feared situation
The belief that odd behaviour was caused by possession, led to what method of treatment?
Exorcism
In what 3 ways does Freud still have influence today?
- Childhood experiences help shape adult personality 2. There are unconscious influences on behaviour 3. The causes and purposes of human behaviour are not always obvious
2 examples of mental health and health profession strategies
Mental health evaluations Education and training
Id
Seeks pleasure - immediate gratification - pleasure principle
What did Charcot ( 1825 - 1893) believe about hysteria? What method did he use to treat it?
He believed it was both physical and psychological and used hypnosis to treat it
What does behaviorism focus on?
Observable behaviour
Rational emotive behaviour therapy assumptions
Emotional reactions as a result of things people tell themselves Concept of demandingness the must and shoulds people place upon themselves
How many people had been forcibly sterilised by 1945?
45,000
A movement that prevented certain people from having kids and getting married and forced sterilisations
Eugenics movement
What is the most stigmatised condition in the 21st century?
Psychological disorders
What are the 5 stages of psychosexual development?
Oral anal phallic latency genital
What 3 classifications did Hippocrates use for psychological disorders?
Mania Melancholia Phrenitis (brain fever)
Cognitive therapy
By changing the way people think, therapists hope to change the way their clients feel and behave and reduce symtpoms
What 3 parts make up the structure of the mind (psyche)?
Id Ego Superego
Give an example of negative reinforcement
Smack a child for doing wrong, then give it a toy. The toy becomes a reinforcer
Positive reinforcement
A behaviour is likely to be repeated when a pleasant event occurs
Who joined with Brueur to develop psychoanalysis?
Freud ( 1856-1939)
Freud believed that human behaviour was determined by what?
Forces inaccessible to awareness
Operant techniques were most effective for treating what?
Childhood problems through the use of intermittent reinforcement
What 3 techniques are used in psychoanalysis
Free association Interpretation Analysis of transference
Who developed the cathartic method for treating hysteria?
Breuer ( 1842-1925)
Hippocrates believed that mental health depended on a delicate balance of 4 humours. What are they? And what conditions did each of these imbalances produce?
Phlegm - sluggish and dull Black bile - melancholia Yellow bile - Irritability and anxiousness Blood - Changeable temperament
Examples of demonological thinking can be found in the records of which early civilisations?
Chinese Egyprians Babylonians Greeks
Psychoanalytic theory (psychoanalysis)
A method used to understand early childhood experiences, the nature of key relationships, and the pattern of current relationships
What was Galton’s field of study and when did he have influence?
Genetics 1822-1911
Describe the law of effect
Behaviour which leads to a positive consequence is likely to be repeated Behaviour that leads to a negative consequence is likely to be discouraged
What are the 4 characteristics of stigma?
1 - Label applied to a group of people that distinguishes them from others 2. Label linked to deviant or undesirable attributes by society 3. Contributes to an “us and them” mentality 4. Discrimination of people with the label
What is Pavlov (1849-1936) famous for?
Classical conditioning
What does Breuer’s cathartic method involve?
Hypnosis to release emotional tension
What is Mesmer known for?
An early practitioner of modern day hypnosis
3 examples of community strategies
Housing options Education Personal contact
4 examples of public health strategies
Parity in Insurance coverage Discriminatory laws Employment Decriminalisation
What is the Eugenics movement?
A movement that prevented certain people from having kids and getting married and forced sterilisations
In the 5th Century, Hippocrates (The father if modern medicine) believed that mental disorders were caused by what?
Natural causes - Brain pathology
When did behaviour therapy begin
In the 50’s
What sexually-transmitted disease led to biological causes being recognised as explanations for causes of psychopathology
Syphillis >>> General paresis
There are 2 types of reinforcement. What are they?
Positive Negative
What did Mesmer believed caused hysteria?
It was concerned with the distribution of universal magnetic fluid in the body
Describe 3 things associated with individual psychology
People inextricable tied to their society - fulfillment in doing things for social good Helping people change their illogical and mistaken ideas and expectations Start of behaviour therapy
What 4 things are associated with analytical psychology
Collective unconscious Masculine and feminine traits Spiritual and religious urges are as basic as Id urges Introversion-extroversion
Defence mechanisms
Strategies used by the ego to protect itself from anxiety
What has contributed to stigmatisation?
The ways that people with psychological disorders were treated in history
Modelling
Learning through watching and imitating others
Name the 5 characteristics of psychological disorders
- Occurs within the Individual 2.Clinically significant in thinking, feeling, and behaving 3. Personal Distress involved 4. Not a culturally specific reaction to an event 5. Not primarily as a result of social deviance or conflict
4 strategic approaches for fighting against stigma
Policy and legislative strategies Community strategies Individual and family strategies Mental health and health profession strategies
Superego
Conscience - Incorporates parental values
What is psychoanalytic theory based on?
The idea that psychopathology results from unconscious conflicts within individuals
What does operant conditioning explore?
The effects of consequences on behaviour
Roots of cognitive therapy
Beck’s cognitive therapy Ellis - Rational emotive behaviour therapy
Analytical psychology associated with who?
Jung 1875-1961
Negative reinforcement
A behaviour is likely to be repeated via removal of aversive agent
2 examples of individual and family strategies
Education for individuals and families Support and advocacy groups
When did modelling techniques start to be used?
In the 60’s
The field of individual psychology is connected to who?
Adler 1870 - 1937
What treatments did hypocrates suggest for melancholia?
Tranquility, sobriety, good eating and drinking, and abstinence from sexual activity - i.e a naturalistic approach
Why do many textbooks begin with a chapter on the history of the field?
Important to consider how concepts and approaches have changed (or not) over time We can learn from past mistakes, and appreciate how current concepts and approaches may change in the future
Who is associated with modelling
Bandura, 1968
Give 3 examples of early biological treatments
Insulin induced comas ECT therapy Prefrontal labotomies
What does a fixation at any of these 5 stages lead to?
regression
