Chapter 1 - Multi-choice

Question 1

The ‘Malleus Maleficarum’ was a a) witch-hunt manual. b) ceremonial guide used by witches. c) treatment manual used in early mental hospitals. d) Freudian perspective on mental illness.

Answer 1

a

Question 2

General paresis is best described as a) an early term for schizophrenia. b) hysterical paralysis with no medical cause. c) a deterioration of mental and physical health associated with syphilis. d) a bloodletting technique.

Answer 2

c

Question 3

82. The earliest experimental work on classical conditioning was conducted by a) Bandura. b) Tolman. c) Skinner. d) Pavlov.

Answer 3

d

Question 4

In comparison to early asylums, present-day mental hospitals a) provide a great deal of stimulation. b) provide intensive individual therapy. c) provide for just basic needs and medication. d) are well-staffed with nurses and psychiatrists, but have few psychologists.

Answer 4

c

Question 5

43. Early work in behavior genetics led to a) electroconvulsive therapy. b) the cure for general paresis. c) reduced interest in psychoanalysis. d) forced sterilization of mental patients

Answer 5

d

Question 6

40. The germ theory of disease a) showed the link between syphilis and mental illness. b) explained the cause of schizophrenia and depression. c) disproved the biological hypotheses. d) showed the link between influenza and adjustment disorder.

Answer 6

a

Question 7

22. Edith was accused of being a witch in 1532. She most likely lived in a) Russia. b) China. c) Europe. d) Japan.

Answer 7

c

Question 8

11. The best definition of mental disorder takes all of the following into account EXCEPT: a) personal distress. b) violation of social norms. c) disability. d) syndromes.

Answer 8

d

Question 9

12. Defining mental disorder on the basis of personal distress is problematic for which reason? a) High levels of distress and suffering are normal in modern society. b) Some mental disorders do not involve personal distress. c) It ignores the suffering that family members of disturbed people experience. d) It does not apply to physiological disorders.

Answer 9

b

Question 10

25. A detailed re-examination of the witch hunts during the Middle Ages revealed that a) Most of the accused were not mentally ill. b) Mental illness was more common during that time period. c) Most witches were psychotic. d) Many more men than women were accused, tortured and put to death.

Answer 10

a

Question 11

28. Bedlam a) originated from observations of ritualistic chantings of ‘witches’. b) was a common practice of witches that involved trances and casting spells. c) is the term associated with the chaotic conditions at early asylums. d) is the practice of prescribing total bed rest for mentally ill people.

Answer 11

c

Question 12

42. The eugenics movement a) was a direct result of the germ theory of disease. b) sought to cleanse society of people with undesirable characteristics. c) classified mental disorders according to their genesis. d) sought to abolish ECT treatments.

Answer 12

b

Question 13

65. According to Freud, what is the most important determinant of behavior? a) conscious b) pre-conscious c) unconscious d) all of the above are equally important

Answer 13

c

Question 14

There has recently been a debate regarding whether clinical psychologists should be allowed to a) focus on research rather than clinical practice. b) study social factors influencing psychopathology. c) admit patients to the hospital. d) prescribe medication.

Answer 14

d

Question 15

85. The following type of response to behavior results in an increased probability of the behavior occurring again. a) positive reinforcement b) negative reinforcement c) extinction d) both a and b

Answer 15

d

Question 16

91. Cognitive therapists believe that if clients change their __________ they will be able to change their feelings, behaviors, and symptoms. a) conscience b) reactions c) thoughts d) actions

Answer 16

c

Question 17

21. Which of the following best describes treatment of disordered people during the Dark Ages? a) Monks in monasteries prayed over them. b) They were chained in early asylums. c) They were condemned as witches and tortured. d) They were given bed rest, fed simple foods, and forced to subscribe to clean living.

Answer 17

a

Question 18

8. Which of the following acts is (are) the closest we have gotten to true parity? a) Federal Mental Health Parity Act b) Paul Wellstone Mental Health Parity Act c) Addiction Equity Act d) both b and c

Answer 18

d

Question 19

84. Fiona faints when her doctor begins to draw blood. What is the unconditioned response? a) the needle b) blood c) fainting d) blood flow

Answer 19

c

Question 20

83. Anne experienced extreme pain at the dentist as a child. Now, she goes to a different dentist, but feels her heart race when she arrives, and goes down when she leaves. Her heart racing whenever she goes to the dentist is due to __________, and the calming feeling when she leaves is due to __________. a) classical conditioning, operant conditioning. b) operant conditioning, classical conditioning. c) operant conditioning, meditational learning. d) operant conditioning, modeling.

Answer 20

a

Question 21

92. According to Albert Ellis, __________ are caused by internal sentences that people repeat to themselves. a) emotional reactions b) irrational thoughts c) disturbed perceptions d) angry obsessions

Answer 21

a

Question 22

5. The destructive beliefs and attitudes held by a society that are ascribed to groups considered different in some manner, such as people with mental illness are called a) disorders b) stigmas. c) preconceived notions. d) discriminative categories.

Answer 22

b

Question 23

61. While studying for an exam, Greg worked for 15 minutes before becoming tired. He decided that it would be better to work for another 30 minutes before taking a break. His behavior is being guided by which part of his personality? a) id b) ego c) superego d) ego defense

Answer 23

b

Question 24

73. You begin to regard your therapist in a similar way to your sister so you begin to treat the therapist as you treat your sister. This is referred to as A) countertransference. B) identification. C) transference. D) projection.

Answer 24

c

Question 25

69. Which of the following is NOT a technique in psychoanalytic psychotherapy? a) transference. b) free association. c) interpretation. d) cognitive reappraisal.

Answer 25

d

Question 26

75. The correct developmental order of Freud’s psychosexual stages is a) anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital b) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital c) latency, anal, oral, genital, phallic d) phallic, oral, genital, anal, latency

Answer 26

b

Question 27

90. Which of the following theoretical approaches emphasizes the importance of how people construe themselves in the world? a) Behaviorist b) Psychodynamic c) Humanistic d) Cognitive

Answer 27

d

Question 28

24. Which of the following suggests that many “witches” condemned during the Inquisition were, in fact, mentally disordered individuals? a) The inquisitors themselves read letters from witches. b) The witches were typically from lower social classes. c) The witches “confessed” to delusions and hallucinations. d) The witches were labeled insane by the courts of the times.

Answer 28

c

Question 29

2. The textbook chapter opens with a clinical case study about Felicia. In this scenario Felicia had very few friends and was often teased. What was it that eventually made her life easier? a) Felicia was diagnosed as having ADHD and received effective treatment. b) Felicia was taught to keep her mouth shut during class. c) Felicia was diagnosed as having schizophrenia and was successfully treated and cured. d) Felicia was transferred to a school for those with behavioral disorders.

Answer 29

a

Question 30

70. Dr. Smith argues that the desire to hunt is built into all men dating back to the times of cave men. Dr. Smith is relying on the concept of a) positive reinforcement. b) collective unconscious. c) self-actualization. d) sublimation.

Answer 30

b

Question 31

27. Early asylums were developed a) for the confinement and care of the mentally ill. b) to protect people from witch hunts. c) after the discovery of syphilis. d) centuries before leprosy hospitals.

Answer 31

a

Question 32

17. Demonology is the a) practice of exorcism. b) devil worship and satanic cults that some ascribed to causing mental illness. c) idea that an evil being may live in a person and control his or her mind and body. d) practice of drilling a hole in a person’s head to allow evil spirits to escape.

Answer 32

c

Question 33

7. The 1996 __________ required that insurance companies cover mental illness at the same level as other illnesses. a) Federal Mental Health Parity Act b) Paul Wellstone Mental Health Parity Act c) Addiction Equity Act d) Americans with Disabilities Act

Answer 33

a

Question 34

52. The cathartic method was created by a) Sigmund Freud. b) Josef Breuer. c) Jean Martin Charcot. d) Richard von Krafft-Ebing.

Answer 34

b

Question 35

41. An adherent for biological approaches would suggest which of the following treatments for depression? a) antidepressant medication b) psychotherapy c) relaxation therapy d) hypnosis

Answer 35

a

Question 36

50. Which is TRUE regarding catharsis? a) It is a moral therapy method. b) It was initiated by Pinel. c) It consists of drawing blood from a patient. d) It encourages the release of emotional tension.

Answer 36

d

Question 37

77. Which of the following papers was drawn from Freud’s clinical observations of those suffering from depression? a) Mourning and Melancholia b) Repression and Depression c) Frustration of the Id d) Depression Manifesto

Answer 37

a

Question 38

57. When you feel hungry and immediately seek out food, this is an example of the __________ acting. a) superego b) ego c) id d) projection

Answer 38

c

Question 39

49. Dr. Jones encourages her clients, under hypnosis, to recall childhood traumas and the emotions associated with them. This technique was developed by a) Josef Breuer. b) Carl Jung. c) Fritz Perls. d) Franz Mesmer.

Answer 39

a

Question 40

55. The ego operates according to the __________ principle. a) reality b) Oedipal c) Electra d) pleasure

Answer 40

a

Question 41

18. Hippocrates’ early views on mental health contributed to an enduring emphasis on a) natural causes. b) spirituality. c) humors. d) classification.

Answer 41

a

Question 42

4. Students often have __________, which makes it difficult to remain objective when learning about psychopathology. a) diagnoses b) fears c) insecurities d) preconceived notions

Answer 42

d

Question 43

72. As part of therapy, you are asked to lie on a couch and say anything that comes to mind. This is called a) interpretation. b) transference. c) real analysis. d) free association.

Answer 43

d

Question 44

63. The superego allows us to a) be capable of rational thought. b) know right from wrong. c) act in line with reality. d) be spontaneous.

Answer 44

b

Question 45

54. The id, ego, and superego are a) structures of the mind. b) orders in a developmental sequence. c) biological drives. d) brain structures.

Answer 45

a

Question 46

66. The ego uses __________ to protect itself from anxiety. a) the libido. b) defense mechanisms. c) the superego. d) the id.

Answer 46

b

Question 47

79. According to Freud, people who are fixated at the __________ stage are overly dependent upon others. a) oral b) anal c) phallic d) genital

Answer 47

a

Question 48

31. Treatment for the mentally ill became more humane when a) patients were provided individual attention. b) asylums were abolished. c) abnormal behavior was seen as based upon medical problems. d) specialty hospital wards were created for the mentally ill within general care facilities.

Answer 48

a

Question 49

15. Cindy is an accomplished lawyer who sought psychological help in dealing with the stresses of balancing work and family responsibilities. Which definition of mental disorder applies to Cindy? a) harmful dysfunction. b) violation of social norms. c) personal distress. d) disability.

Answer 49

c

Question 50

39. The discovery of the cause of syphilis was important to the field of mental illness for which reason? a) Syphilis was widely feared and exacerbated mental illness. b) It increased interest in determining biological causes for mental illness. c) More asylum patients were diagnosed with syphilis. d) It highlighted the need for valid diagnostic systems.

Answer 50

b

Question 51

6. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of stigma? a) A label applied to a group of people that distinguishes them from others. b) A label applied to a group of people that breaks the law. c) The label is linked to deviant or undesirable attributes by society. d) People with the label face unfair discrimination.

Answer 51

b

Question 52

78. During which psychosexual stage did Freud say the roots of depression were formed? a) anal b) latency c) phallic d) oral

Answer 52

d

Question 53

19. Hippocrates suggested which of the following treatments for mental illness? a) application of leaches. b) herbal remedies. c) prayer and chants by faith healers. d) care in choosing food and drink.

Answer 53

d

Question 54

87. Mr. Smith is going to a therapist for help with a fear of heights. Over several sessions the therapist, Dr. Jones, provides deep muscle relaxation and gradual exposures to heights. Dr. Jones’s treatment approach is best identified as a) free association. b) systematic desensitization. c) modeling. d) positive reinforcement.

Answer 54

b

Question 55

29. In 1791, John was committed to an asylum in the United States. Which treatment was he likely to experience there? a) group therapy b) bloodletting c) moral treatment d) hypnosis

Answer 55

b

Question 56

71. Adler developed a theory of psychoanalytic thought oriented towards a) psychoticism. b) doing things for the social good. c) overt behavior change. d) all of the above.

Answer 56

b

Question 57

76. The psychosexual stage in which the id does not play a major role is the __________ stage. a) anal b) phallic c) latency d) oral

Answer 57

c

Question 58

62. When one refers to their conscience, they are also describing their a) id. b) ego. c) superego. d) ego defenses

Answer 58

c

Question 59

64. Carol is trying to decide whether to drink alcohol, knowing that her parents are strongly opposed to drinking. According to Freudian theory, Carol’s struggle is between her __________, which makes her want to drink, and her __________, which discourages her from drinking. a) id; superego b) ego; superego c) id; ego d) superego; ego

Answer 59

a

Question 60

35. Dorothea Dix is famous for a) greatly improving the standard of care for people with mental illness. b) overseeing the creation of thirty-two state hospitals for the mentally ill. c) providing moral treatment to many people with mental illness. d) all of the above.

Answer 60

d

Question 61

34. “Moral treatment” was largely abandoned because of the development of a) psychoanalysis. b) improved medications. c) large impersonal hospitals. d) scandals at retreat centers.

Answer 61

c

Question 62

53. The psychoanalytic theory rests upon the assumption that psychopathology is the result of a) incomplete superego development. b) unconscious conflicts. c) ego defense mechanisms. d) over control of the pleasure principle.

Answer 62

b

Question 63

59. Dealing with reality is the primary role of the a) id. b) ego. c) superego. d) preconscious

Answer 63

b

Question 64

16. After presenting characteristics of mental disorder, the text concludes that a) research is needed to identify which characteristic is best. b) different characteristics apply to various psychopathologies. c) personal distress is the most useful characteristic. d) together the characteristics give a comprehensive definition of abnormality.

Answer 64

d

Question 65

68. Fixation at a particular stage, according to Freud, results in a) difficulties in determining the nature of the conflicts when the person enters analysis. b) a sexually unresponsive individual. c) an inability to develop further. d) regression to that stage when stressed later in life

Answer 65

d

Question 66

3. The field concerned with the nature, development, and treatment of mental disorders is called a) psychopathology b) psychotherapy c) psychoanalysis d) all of the above

Answer 66

a

Question 67

89. The study of cognition began to be prominent in the a) 1950s b) 1960s c) 1970s d) 1980s

Answer 67

b

Question 68

20. Hippocrates influenced psychology by a) distinguishing medicine from religion and magic. b) debunking the notion that the four humors were related to disorders. c) reforming mental hospitals. d) suggesting mental illness was punishment from God.

Answer 68

a

Question 69

26. The word ‘lunacy’ comes from a theory espoused by Paracelsus, who attributed odd behavior to a) the effects of a full moon. b) drinking witches brew. c) a misalignment of the moon and stars. d) witchcraft.

Answer 69

c

Question 70

9. Which of the following is (are) our best hope for reducing the stigma against those diagnosed with a psychological disorder? a) Increase contact b) Increase education c) Increase equality legislation d) All of the above

Answer 70

d

Question 71

93. Rational-emotive behavior therapy was proposed by a) Freud b) Skinner c) Piaget d) Ellis

Answer 71

d

Question 72

81. Behaviorists advocate that a) abnormal behavior arises from discussions of abnormal behavior. b) abnormal behavior is learned. c) insight is important in changing behavior. d) defenses are associated with resolving anxiety.

Answer 72

b

Question 73

51. If you went to Josef Breuer for treatment of hysterical paralysis, which treatment would you probably NOT receive? a) hypnosis b) free association c) talk therapy d) medication

Answer 73

d

Question 74

32. Moral treatment involved a) herbal remedies that may have been toxic. b) fighting social inequities. c) encouraging patients to engage in purposeful activities. d) frightening the individual.

Answer 74

c

Question 75

56. The basic energy source for the psyche is the a) id. b) ego. c) superego. d) Oedipus complex.

Answer 75

a

Question 76

46. The reasoning behind hypnosis as developed by Mesmer was that a) changing magnetic fluid in his patients would result in symptom reduction. b) relaxation was a sufficient treatment for alleviating symptoms. c) frightening patients would result in symptom reduction. d) faith in the healer caused healing.

Answer 76

a

Question 77

67. Conflicts from a particular stage of development, according to Freud, will a) be completely ignored. b) be unimportant in later stages. c) continue to affect development. d) be important only when one is informed of the specific conflict

Answer 77

c

Question 78

14. The DSM-5’s definition of “mental disorder” involves all of the following criteria EXCEPT it: a) occurs within multiple individuals. b) involves dysfunction. c) is not primarily a result of social deviance. d) is not culturally specific reaction to an event.

Answer 78

a

Question 79

74. According to the __________ theory, at each developmental stage a different part of the body is most sensitive to sexual excitation and, therefore, the most capable of satisfying the id. a) psychosexual b) psychodynamic c) sexualization d) none of the above

Answer 79

a

Question 80

80. Which of the following psychodynamic assumptions is NOT considered true today? a) Childhood experiences help shape adult personality. b) There are unconscious influences on behavior. c) The causes and purposes of human behavior are not always obvious. d) Sexual drives are key in the development of the self.

Answer 80

d

Question 81

33. Elizabeth was receiving moral treatment while in an early asylum. Which of the following treatments was she LEAST likely to receive? a) medication b) physical restraints c) purposeful activities d) work-related tasks

Answer 81

b

Question 82

38. The germ theory of disease, which states that disease is caused by infection of the body by tiny organisms, was put forth by a) Emil Kraepelin. b) Franz Anton Mesmer. c) Jean Charcot. d) Louis Pasteur.

Answer 82

d

Question 83

88. Early behaviorist theories did not consider the critical role that __________ play in human behavior. a) thoughts b) emotions c) memories d) both a and b

Answer 83

d

Question 84

47. Esther was a patient of Mesmer, who was treating her for blindness. What was the likely scenario when she entered his treatment room? a) a quiet room, with a soft reclining chair b) a ‘bleeding device’ used to drain blood believed to be in excess that resulted in psychogenic blindness c) a stock of chemical-filled rods, with Mesmer presiding over the room d) a sterile, well-lit room with several doctors in white laboratory coats

Answer 84

c

Question 85

13. Which is a limitation of “harmful dysfunction” as a definition of mental disorder? a) It ignores the personal suffering of disturbed individuals. b) Many dysfunctional mechanisms are not harmful. c) Harmful dysfunction also has an impact on others. d) The dysfunctional mechanisms are largely unknown.

Answer 85

d

Question 86

1. The textbook chapter opens with a clinical case study about Jack, a young man who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia. In the scenario, Jack applied to get an apartment and the landlord a) accepted him as long as he was on his medication. b) denied him the apartment because he thought Jack might be violent. c) denied him the apartment because Jack would be unsupervised. d) accepted him as long as he had a guardian to look after him.

Answer 86

b

Question 87

According to Freud’s theory, the superego develops from the a) id. b) ego. c) emergence of defense mechanisms. d) conflicts in the Oedipal stage.

Answer 87

b

Question 88

60. Which structure involves activity of the unconscious? a) id b) ego c) superego d) all of the above

Answer 88

d

Question 89

48. Breuer observed an association between recalling past traumatic events and expression of the original emotion in hysterics. This resulted in a) increased hysteria. b) decreased hysteria. c) the emergence of new symptoms. d) the repression of emotions.

Answer 89

b

Question 90

45. Hypnosis, as originally used by Mesmer, was used for a) mild exorcism. b) uncovering early child abuse. c) acting as an anesthetic. d) treating hysteria.

Answer 90

d

Question 91

86. A class conducted an experiment with their professor. The students only paid attention as a group when she was to the left of the blackboard. After this was established, they only paid attention when she was three feet from the blackboard, further to the left. Finally, they only paid attention when she was directly in the corner, to the left of the blackboard. This is an illustration of a) shaping. b) punishment. c) habituation. d) modeling.

Answer 91

a

Question 92

30. Who is associated with creating more humane environments at mental hospitals? a) Emil Kraepelin b) Joseph Breuer c) Philippe Pinel d) John Watson

Answer 92

c

Question 93

44. Which of the following is true about ECT? a) It is used today to effectively treat patients with severe depression. b) Today it is primarily used in the treatment of epilepsy. c) It destroys the tracts connecting the frontal lobes to the lower centers of the brain. d) ECT practices ceased to exist after the introduction of the lobotomy.

Answer 93

a