Chapter 5 - Mood disorders Flashcards
Psychomotor agitation
Inability to sit still (pacing, fidgeting) for people suffering from depression
A personality trait that involves the tendency to react to events with greater-than-average negative affect
Neuroticism
Diagnosis of this disorder requires five depressive symptoms to be present for at least 2 weeks
Major depressive disorder
Bipolar II Disorder
A disorder that include an experience of at least one major depressive episode and at least one episode of hypomania
Slow thoughts and movement seen in some people suffering from depression
Psychomotor retardation
Dysthymia (Chronic Depressive Disorder)
Mood disorder wherein the person is chronically depressed for more than half of the time for at least 2 years
Expressed Emotion (EE)
This term is defined as a family member’s critical or hostile comments toward or emotional overinvolvement with the person with depression
Bipolar I Disorder
A disorder that include a single episode of mania during the course of a person’s life
The amygdala, the subgenual anterior cingulate, the hippocampus and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Four primary brain structures that have been most studies in depression
Mood disorder wherein the person is chronically depressed for more than half of the time for at least 2 years
Dysthymia (Chronic Depressive Disorder)
A subtype of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder that is defined by having at least three manic symptoms present during a depressive episode, or at least three depressive symptoms present during a manic episode
Mixed features
Beck’s self-report scale which includes items concerning whether people would consider themselves worthwhile or lovable.
Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS)
Episodic disorder
Disorder that tends to be present for a period if time and then clear
Psychomotor retardation
Slow thoughts and movement seen in some people suffering from depression
Tryptophan
A precursor if serotonin
Three major categories of antidepressant drugs
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
This term involves behaviors that are meant to cause immediate bodily harm but are not intended to cause death
Non-suicidal self-injury
Clinical depression
Diagnosis of this disorder requires three depressive symptoms to be present for at least 10 days
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)
An adaptation of CT which focuses on relapse prevention after successful treatment for recurrent episodes of major depression
Seasonal pattern or Rapid cycling
A subtype of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder that is defined by episodes happening regularly at a particular time of the year with at least for episodes within the past year
Part of the brain present during mania but not during depression
Striatum
Electroconvulsive Therapy (for Depression)
Entails deliberately inducing a momentary seizure and unconsciousness by passing a 70- to 130-volt current through the patient’s brain
A less extreme form of mania
Hypomania
Major depressive disorder (MDD)
Symptoms of this disorder includes: sad mood or lost of pleasure in usual activities. At least five symptoms: sleeping too much or too little, psychomotor retardation or agitation, weight loss or change in appetite, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, difficulty in concentrating, thinking, or making decisions, recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
Depressive disorders
Disorders which involve cardinal symptoms of depression including profound sadness and/or an inability to experience pleasure
Depression happening during the winter season
Seasonal affective disorder
A disorder that include an experience of at least one major depressive episode and at least one episode of hypomania
Bipolar II Disorder
An adaptation of CT which focuses on relapse prevention after successful treatment for recurrent episodes of major depression
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)
A subtype of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder that is defined by having lack of pleasure in any activity, inability to gain relief from positive events, and at least three other symptoms of depression, such as a distinct quality of mood, depressive symptoms that are worse in the morning than at other times of day, waking at least 2 hours too early, loss of appetite, psychomotor retardation or agitation or guilt
Melancholic features
A Cognitive theory of depression that states that the most important trigger of depression is hopelessness, which is defined as an expectation that (1) desirable outcomes will not occur and that (2) the person has no responses available to change this situation.
Hopelessness Theory
Striatum
Part of the brain present during mania but not during depression
Cognitive theory of depression that is associated with a negative triad: negative views of the self, the world, and the future
Beck’s Theory
Catatonic features
A subtype of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder that is defined by having extreme physical immobility or excessive peculiar physical movement
Suicide risk severity
A subtype of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder that is defined by having suicidal ideation, plans, or other risk indicators present
Suicide attempts
This term involve behaviors that are intended to cause death but do not result in death
A subtype of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder that is defined by episodes happening regularly at a particular time of the year with at least for episodes within the past year
Seasonal pattern or Rapid cycling
Atypical features
A subtype of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder that is defined by having symptoms that are unusual for depressive or manic episodes present
A type of brain-imaging study which focuses on whether the is a change in activity of a brain region
Functional activation studies
The first model suggests that mania reflects a disturbance in the reward system of the brain
Reward Sensitivity
Attribution
The explanations a person forms about why a stressor has occurred
A subtype of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder that is defined by delusions or hallucinations with themes that do not march the valence if the depressive or manic episode
Moon-incongruent psychotic features
Hopelessness Theory
A Cognitive theory of depression that states that the most important trigger of depression is hopelessness, which is defined as an expectation that (1) desirable outcomes will not occur and that (2) the person has no responses available to change this situation.
Therapy aimed at relationship problems, including marital and family distress
Behavioral Couples Therapy (s called in the book but Family Focused Therapy also included)
A Cognitive theory of depression that states that a specific way of thinking called rumination may increase the risk of depression
Rumination Theory
Hypomania
A less extreme form of mania
A subtype of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder that is defined by delusions or hallucinations with themes that are consistent with mood state (guilt, disease, or death themes accompanying depression)
Mood-congruent psychotic features
Cyclothymic Disorder
A disorder that includes the presence of frequent but mild symptoms if depression altering with mild symptoms of mania which must be present for at least 2 years among adults
Mania
A state if intense elation or irritability accompanied by other symptoms shown in the diagnostic criteria
A disorder that includes the presence of frequent but mild symptoms if depression altering with mild symptoms of mania which must be present for at least 2 years among adults
Cyclothymic Disorder
Diagnosis of this disorder requires three depressive symptoms to be present for at least 10 days
Clinical depression
Lithium
A naturally occurring chemical element which is also the first mood stabilizer identified
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Three major categories of antidepressant drugs
Disorders which involves disabling disturbances in emotion
Mood disorders
This term refers to thoughts of killing oneself and is much more common than attempted or completed suicide
Suicidal ideation
Seasonal affective disorder
Depression happening during the winter season
Mood-congruent psychotic features
A subtype of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder that is defined by delusions or hallucinations with themes that are consistent with mood state (guilt, disease, or death themes accompanying depression)
Behavioral Activation (BA) Therapy
Treatment based on the idea that many of the risk factors for depression can result in low levels of positive reinforcement
Behavioral Couples Therapy (s called in the book but Family Focused Therapy also included)
Therapy aimed at relationship problems, including marital and family distress
Disorder that tends to be present for a period if time and then clear
Episodic disorder
Four primary brain structures that have been most studies in depression
The amygdala, the subgenual anterior cingulate, the hippocampus and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Melancholic features
A subtype of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder that is defined by having lack of pleasure in any activity, inability to gain relief from positive events, and at least three other symptoms of depression, such as a distinct quality of mood, depressive symptoms that are worse in the morning than at other times of day, waking at least 2 hours too early, loss of appetite, psychomotor retardation or agitation or guilt
Disorders which involve cardinal symptoms of depression including profound sadness and/or an inability to experience pleasure
Depressive disorders
Cognitive Biases
Tendencies to process information in certain negative ways
Suicidal ideation
This term refers to thoughts of killing oneself and is much more common than attempted or completed suicide
The explanations a person forms about why a stressor has occurred
Attribution
A state if intense elation or irritability accompanied by other symptoms shown in the diagnostic criteria
Mania
Amygdala
Part of the brain that helps a person asses how emotionally important a stimulus is
Cushing’s syndrome
A syndrome which causes oversecretion of cortisol, frequently experience depressive symptoms
The core of the therapy is to examine major interpersonal problems, such as role transitions, interpersonal conflicts, bereavement, and interpersonal isolation
Interpersonal Psychotherapy
Rumination
Is defined as a tendency to repetitively dwell on sad experiences and thoughts, or to chew on material again and again
A disorder that include a single episode of mania during the course of a person’s life
Bipolar I Disorder
Non-suicidal self-injury
This term involves behaviors that are meant to cause immediate bodily harm but are not intended to cause death
Tendencies to process information in certain negative ways
Cognitive Biases
Functional activation studies
A type of brain-imaging study which focuses on whether the is a change in activity of a brain region
Suicide
This term involves behaviors that are intended to cause death and actually do so
Neuroticism
A personality trait that involves the tendency to react to events with greater-than-average negative affect
Reward
Dopamine plays a major role in the sensitivity if the ______ system in the brain, which is believed to guide pleasure, motivation and energy in the context if opportunities to obtain rewards.
Treatment based on the idea that many of the risk factors for depression can result in low levels of positive reinforcement
Behavioral Activation (BA) Therapy
Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS)
Beck’s self-report scale which includes items concerning whether people would consider themselves worthwhile or lovable.
Mood disorders
Disorders which involves disabling disturbances in emotion
Therapy aimed at altering maladaptive thought patterns
Cognitive Therapy
A subtype of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder that is defined by having suicidal ideation, plans, or other risk indicators present
Suicide risk severity
A naturally occurring chemical element which is also the first mood stabilizer identified
Lithium
Entails deliberately inducing a momentary seizure and unconsciousness by passing a 70- to 130-volt current through the patient’s brain
Electroconvulsive Therapy (for Depression)
This term involve behaviors that are intended to cause death but do not result in death
Suicide attempts
Major depressive disorder
Diagnosis of this disorder requires five depressive symptoms to be present for at least 2 weeks
Beck’s Theory
Cognitive theory of depression that is associated with a negative triad: negative views of the self, the world, and the future
Rumination Theory
A Cognitive theory of depression that states that a specific way of thinking called rumination may increase the risk of depression
A treatment approach that help people learn about the symptoms of the disorder, the expected time course of symptoms, the biological and psychological triggers for symptoms, and treatment strategies
Psychoeducational approach
Dopamine plays a major role in the sensitivity if the ______ system in the brain, which is believed to guide pleasure, motivation and energy in the context if opportunities to obtain rewards.
Reward
Structural studies
A type of brain-imaging study which focuses on whether a brain region is smaller or larger among people with a disorder compared to control participants
A subtype of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder that is defined by having symptoms that are unusual for depressive or manic episodes present
Atypical features
Inability to sit still (pacing, fidgeting) for people suffering from depression
Psychomotor agitation
Mixed features
A subtype of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder that is defined by having at least three manic symptoms present during a depressive episode, or at least three depressive symptoms present during a manic episode
Interpersonal Psychotherapy
The core of the therapy is to examine major interpersonal problems, such as role transitions, interpersonal conflicts, bereavement, and interpersonal isolation
Moon-incongruent psychotic features
A subtype of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder that is defined by delusions or hallucinations with themes that do not march the valence if the depressive or manic episode
A subtype of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder that is defined by having extreme physical immobility or excessive peculiar physical movement
Catatonic features
A type of brain-imaging study which focuses on whether a brain region is smaller or larger among people with a disorder compared to control participants
Structural studies
Reward Sensitivity
The first model suggests that mania reflects a disturbance in the reward system of the brain
Part of the brain that helps a person asses how emotionally important a stimulus is
Amygdala
Cognitive Therapy
Therapy aimed at altering maladaptive thought patterns
This term involves behaviors that are intended to cause death and actually do so
Suicide
Psychoeducational approach
A treatment approach that help people learn about the symptoms of the disorder, the expected time course of symptoms, the biological and psychological triggers for symptoms, and treatment strategies
A syndrome which causes oversecretion of cortisol, frequently experience depressive symptoms
Cushing’s syndrome
Is defined as a tendency to repetitively dwell on sad experiences and thoughts, or to chew on material again and again
Rumination
Symptoms of this disorder includes: sad mood or lost of pleasure in usual activities. At least five symptoms: sleeping too much or too little, psychomotor retardation or agitation, weight loss or change in appetite, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, difficulty in concentrating, thinking, or making decisions, recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
Major depressive disorder (MDD)
This term is defined as a family member’s critical or hostile comments toward or emotional overinvolvement with the person with depression
Expressed Emotion (EE)
A precursor if serotonin
Tryptophan
