PASS Measurment: Scales, Numbers, Rates, Ratios And Risk

Question 1

What does descriptive epidemiology measure?

Answer 1

Disease burden
Incidence risk
Incidence rate
Prevalence rate

How frequent and quickly does it occur?

Question 2

What does analytical epidemiology measure?

Answer 2

Effect
Risk ratio
Odds ratio

How and why does it occur?

Question 3

What are the potential issues with analytical epidemiology?

Answer 3

Issues with measuring effect

Confounding - other factors associated?
Bias
Chance

Question 4

Incidence meaning

Answer 4

Number of new cases

Question 5

Prevalence meaning

Answer 5

Number of new cases

Question 6

How to calculate incidence risk

Answer 6

Number of new cases during specified period
—————————————————————
Size of disease-free population at start

Question 7

What is incidence rate?

Answer 7

How quickly disease occurs in a population

Question 8

How do you calculate incidence rat?

Answer 8

Number of new cases during specified period
——————————————————————
Total of time each new person was observed

Question 9

How do you calculate prevalence rate?

Answer 9

All new + pre-existing cases during given period
——————————————————————
Population during the same period

Question 10

What is case-fatality rate?

Answer 10

Proportion of cases of a disease that are fatal within a specified period of time

Question 11

What is mortality rate?

Answer 11

The number of deaths in a sample population, scaled to size of population per specified time

Question 12

What does clinical medicine do?

Answer 12

Compares the risk of two diseases using signs and symptoms

Question 13

What does public health policy do?

Answer 13

Prioritise the management of a disease with higher prevalence or mortality rate after clinical medicine has compared two diseases’ risks

Question 14

What are risk ratio and odds ratio?

Answer 14

Effect measures that quantify the strength of the association between the exposure and the
event

Question 15

What are risk ratios and odds ratios measured based on?

Answer 15

Incidence risks

Question 16

Risk ratio calculation

Answer 16

Find proportions of different groups
Find the ratio between these proportions

Totals needed

Question 17

Odds ratio calculation

Answer 17

Ratio of those with and without disease of each group (not total)
Find ratio between the two groups

Question 18

Association when OR / RR > 1

Answer 18

Positive association

Question 19

Association when OR / RR < 1

Answer 19

Negative association

Question 20

Association when OR / RR = 1

Answer 20

No association

Question 21

What is selection bias?

Answer 21

Sample is not representative of the population

Question 22

What is confounding bias?

Answer 22

Effect of exposure on outcome is mixed by another factor
e.g. age not taken into account

Question 23

What is recall bias?

Answer 23

Incomplete/inaccurate recollection of info by participants

Question 24

Types of bias

Answer 24

Selection
Confounding
Recall
Publication

Question 25

What type of error does bias cause?

Answer 25

Systematic error

Question 26

What is publication bias?

Answer 26

When outcome of an experiment or study biases the decision to publish it or not