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Anti Aging Medicine Boards > Part 9 > Flashcards

Part 9 Flashcards

0
Q

What are the symptoms of hepatitis B?

A

Similar to the symptoms of hepatitis A

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1
Q

What is the incubation period of hepatitis B?

A

1-6 months

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2
Q

How long does hepatitis B last?

A

90% of patients contract and recover in six months

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3
Q

What is the mortality percentage of hepatitis B?

A

10%

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4
Q

What percent of Americans are positive for Anti-HBs (i.e. they have had hepatitis)?

A

15%

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5
Q

What are the different antigens in Hepatitis B?

A

HBcAg
HBsAg
HBeAg
HBxAg

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6
Q

What does the HBsAg mean when present?

A

Marker of active replication and infection

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7
Q

When do you see Anti HBc?

A

It persists during the acute phase of an illness

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8
Q

When do you see Anti HBs?

A

Late. It usually indicates recovery.

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9
Q

What does it mean when you see Anti HBe?

A

Reduced infectivity

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10
Q

What does it mean when you see Anti HBx?

A

Ongoing replication of hepatitis B virus

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11
Q

What is the incubation period of hepatitis C?

A

15–160 days

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of hepatitis C?

A

Similar to hepatitis A and hepatitis B

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13
Q

Is there a carrier state and hepatitis C?

A

A chronic carrier state is common

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14
Q

What is the underlying cause in 1/3 of hepatocellular carcinoma’s?

A

Hepatitis C

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15
Q

What is the most common reason for liver transplant?

A

Hepatitis C

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16
Q

What is an extremely toxic substance for patients with hepatitis C?

A

Alcohol

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17
Q

What are the treatments for hepatitis C?

A

Interferon and ribavirin

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18
Q

What is the recommended diet for patients with Hepatitis C?

A

Low-fat, low protein and high carbohydrate. This helps like taking a load off of the liver

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19
Q

What are the most common causes of decreased libido in women?

A

Hormones and/or stress

20
Q

What are the common causes of dyspareunia?

A

Atrophy and vaginismus

21
Q

What is the pathophysiology of sexual stimulation?

A

Sexual stimulation –> release of NO –> activates guanylate cyclase –> triggers formation of cyclic GMP –> generates local excitation response

22
Q

Why are estrogen and testosterone important in the pathophysiology of sexual stimulation?

A

They promote the expression of nitric oxide synthase

23
Q

What hormones promote sexual stimulation?

A

Dopamine and oxytocin

24
Q

What hormone is inhibitory in sexual stimulation?

A

Serotonin

25
Q

Name six cruciferous vegetables

A

Kale, cabbage, brussels sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower and bok choy

26
Q

What are the chemicals in cruciferous vegetables

A

They are rich in glucosinolates which leads to isothiocyanates and indole-3-carbinol

27
Q

What did one study show in relation to cruciferous vegetables and cancer risk?

A

It showed a 15% decreased risk for breast cancer

28
Q

Name 11 foods with soluble fiber

A

Oatmeal, lentils, apples, oranges, pears, nuts, flaxseeds, blueberries, cucumbers, celery and carrots

29
Q

Every 10 g/day increase in soluble fiber intake equals?

A

A reduced breast cancer risk by 26%

30
Q

What is the beneficial chemical in Blackpepper?

A

Piperine

31
Q

What are the beneficial effects of piperine?

A

It inhibits cellular mechanisms that are necessary for angiogenesis and it is anti-inflammatory

32
Q

What is the definition of FVC?

A

It is the largest volume measured on complete expiration after full inspiration done as forcefully as possible

33
Q

What is the definition of FEV1?

A

The volume of gas exhaled over one second during the performance of an FVC

34
Q

What pathophysiologic pattern do you see in pulmonary fibrosis?

A

It is a restrictive pattern with decreased FEV1 and FVC

35
Q

What causes the tissue destruction in pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Proteases (hydrolytic enzymes) that are released by inflammatory cells resulting in tissue necrosis which causes the release of intracellular enzymes. This can destroy RNA, ribosomal DNA and cell membranes

36
Q

What causes the remodeling of the lung architecture in pulmonary fibrosis?

A

The digestion of the connective tissue (collagen and elastin) by these hydrolytic enzymes.

37
Q

What is the difference in the aging lung before 60 and after 60?

A

Before 60 the lung increases sizes in three dimensions, after 60 the AP diameter increases more than height

38
Q

What happens to lung function after age 55?

A

There is a progressive weakening of maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressures

39
Q

What happens to the lungs between ages 24 to 78?

A

There is a progressive reduction in compliance (changing in volume/change in pressure)

40
Q

True or false. After maturity expired airflow velocity increases with age (including FEV1)

A

False. Airflow velocity declines with age

41
Q

Name 8 categories of substances that can cause asthma and bronchospasm

A

Mediators, cholinergic agonists, beta blockers, aspirin, allergens, air pollution, ingested substances and others

42
Q

What are the mediators that can provoke asthma and bronchospasm?

A

Histamine, leukotriene C4 and prostaglandins D2 and F2

43
Q

What is a neutrophils primary method of inducing death?

A

It’s through NADPH oxidase which generates high levels of superoxide. This reacts nitric oxide to form peroxynitrite which is a potent ROS

44
Q

Do neutrophils contain toll like receptors?

A

Yes

45
Q

What are toll like receptors?

A

They are transmembrane pattern recognition receptors that recognize molecules that are broadly shared by pathogens but are distinguishable from host molecules. They play a key role in initiating an immune response

46
Q

What are B cells?

A

They are antibody producing lymphocytes and make up approximately 5–15% of circulating lymphocytes

47
Q

What antibodies do circulating peripheral B cells express on their service?

A

Most express both surface IgM or IgD antibodies. A smaller number express IgG, IgA or IgE antibodies

Anti Aging Medicine Boards (10 decks)

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