Part 3 Flashcards
What class of drugs can decrease vitamin E levels?
Statins
What are the components of vitamin E?
Alpha, beta, gamma and delta tocopherols and tocotrienols
Which component of vitamin E has the best lipid lowering qualities?
Tocotrienols
What foods have the most vitamin E?
Almonds, olive oil, spinach, broccoli, kiwi, mango and raw tomato
Tocopherols should be what percentage for best lipid lowering?
Less than 20%
Vitamin E plus what other nutrient increases sperm count and motility?
Selenium
What does vitamin E do to CRP levels?
Decreases them
What increases intracellular glutathione?
Vitamin E
What 6 diseases is vitamin E beneficial for?
Diabetes (improves insulin resistance), prostate cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, dysmenorrhea, hypertension and adrenal hypofunction
What is the typical dose of vitamin E?
200 mg Gamma/Delta tocotrienol from the Annato plant or 100 mg TRF extract
What are the other names for niacin?
Nicotinic acid, nicotinamide and vitamin B3
What disease is caused by niacin deficiency?
Pellagra
What are the symptoms of pellagra?
Diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia and death. The four D’s
What is made of niacin that is used in the mitochondria for the catabolism of fat, carbs, proteins and alcohol?
NAD
What are the lipid and cardiovascular benefits of niacin?
Decreases LDL, decreases triglycerides, increases HDL and reduces overall cardiovascular events
What are the foods that contain niacin?
Liver, heart, kidney, chicken, beef, fish, eggs, venison, avocados, tomatoes, leafy greens, broccoli, carrots and nuts
What is the typical dose of niacin?
1000–3000 mg per day
What are eicosanoids?
Any of a class of compounds (such as prostaglandins) derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids and involved in cellular activity
Increased oxidative stress in hypertension is secondary to what three things?
1) increased reactive oxygen species (ROS)
2) an exacerbated response to ROS
3) decreased antioxidant reserve
Mechanism of action of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in hypertension
1) direct action on endothelial cells with the structural and functional damage
2) degradation of nitric oxide by ROS
3) deleterious effects on eicosanoid metabolism in endothelial cells
4) oxidative modification of LDL-cholesterol
5) hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia
6) increased fatty acid mobilization
7) increased catecholamines
8) angiotensin II increased 02- via NADPH oxidase
Hypertension is made worse by low levels of what three things?
Potassium, calcium and magnesium
There is a direct relationship between increased sodium levels and what seven things?
Increased platelet reactivity, stroke (independent of blood pressure), left ventricular hypertrophy, MI, CHF, sudden-death and left ventricular filling
What do high levels of sodium do to the artery and the arterial endothelium?
It reduces arterial compliance and causes stiffening and swelling of the endothelium
What two things do not happen in salt sensitive patients with salt loading?
They do not inhibit their sympathetic nervous system activity or increase nitric oxide production
Decreased sodium leads to what in target organ damage?
It decreases target organ damage in the brain, heart, kidney and vasculature that is both dependent and independent of blood pressure
What is the daily recommended intake of sodium?
1.5–2 g per day
What is the relationship between magnesium levels and blood pressure?
There is an inverse relationship
How does magnesium interact with sodium and end up inducing vasodilation?
It competes with sodium for binding sites on vascular smooth muscle and acts like a calcium channel blocker, increases prostaglandin E and binds cooperatively with potassium
How is calcium associated with blood pressure?
Higher dietary calcium is associated with decreased blood pressure and a decreased risk of developing hypertension
What are the three primary omega-3 fatty acids?
1) Alpha Linolenic Acid
2) EPA
3) DHA
What is the mechanism of action of omega-3 fatty acids in treating blood pressure?
It increases nitric oxide and prostaglandins and decreases thromboxane A2 and leukotrienes
What do omega-3 fatty acids do to free-floating fatty acids?
They act as intracellular and inter organ fuel partitioners, directing fatty acids away from storage and towards oxidation
What do omega-3 fatty acids do to endothelial function and plasma norepinephrine?
They improve endothelial dysfunction and decrease plasma norepinephrine thereby improving cardiac function
What foods have ace inhibitor activity in vitro?
Sour milk, casein, Zein (protein in corn), gelatin, sake, sardines, tuna, fish sauce, seaweed, garlic, Hawthorne, and you hydrolyzed whey, omega-3 fatty acids and pycnogel (bark)
