Part 3

Question 0

What class of drugs can decrease vitamin E levels?

Answer 0

Statins

Question 1

What are the components of vitamin E?

Answer 1

Alpha, beta, gamma and delta tocopherols and tocotrienols

Question 2

Which component of vitamin E has the best lipid lowering qualities?

Answer 2

Tocotrienols

Question 3

What foods have the most vitamin E?

Answer 3

Almonds, olive oil, spinach, broccoli, kiwi, mango and raw tomato

Question 4

Tocopherols should be what percentage for best lipid lowering?

Answer 4

Less than 20%

Question 5

Vitamin E plus what other nutrient increases sperm count and motility?

Answer 5

Selenium

Question 6

What does vitamin E do to CRP levels?

Answer 6

Decreases them

Question 7

What increases intracellular glutathione?

Answer 7

Vitamin E

Question 8

What 6 diseases is vitamin E beneficial for?

Answer 8

Diabetes (improves insulin resistance), prostate cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, dysmenorrhea, hypertension and adrenal hypofunction

Question 9

What is the typical dose of vitamin E?

Answer 9

200 mg Gamma/Delta tocotrienol from the Annato plant or 100 mg TRF extract

Question 10

What are the other names for niacin?

Answer 10

Nicotinic acid, nicotinamide and vitamin B3

Question 11

What disease is caused by niacin deficiency?

Answer 11

Pellagra

Question 12

What are the symptoms of pellagra?

Answer 12

Diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia and death. The four D’s

Question 13

What is made of niacin that is used in the mitochondria for the catabolism of fat, carbs, proteins and alcohol?

Answer 13

NAD

Question 14

What are the lipid and cardiovascular benefits of niacin?

Answer 14

Decreases LDL, decreases triglycerides, increases HDL and reduces overall cardiovascular events

Question 15

What are the foods that contain niacin?

Answer 15

Liver, heart, kidney, chicken, beef, fish, eggs, venison, avocados, tomatoes, leafy greens, broccoli, carrots and nuts

Question 16

What is the typical dose of niacin?

Answer 16

1000–3000 mg per day

Question 17

What are eicosanoids?

Answer 17

Any of a class of compounds (such as prostaglandins) derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids and involved in cellular activity

Question 18

Increased oxidative stress in hypertension is secondary to what three things?

Answer 18

1) increased reactive oxygen species (ROS)
2) an exacerbated response to ROS
3) decreased antioxidant reserve

Question 19

Mechanism of action of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in hypertension

Answer 19

1) direct action on endothelial cells with the structural and functional damage
2) degradation of nitric oxide by ROS
3) deleterious effects on eicosanoid metabolism in endothelial cells
4) oxidative modification of LDL-cholesterol
5) hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia
6) increased fatty acid mobilization
7) increased catecholamines
8) angiotensin II increased 02- via NADPH oxidase

Question 20

Hypertension is made worse by low levels of what three things?

Answer 20

Potassium, calcium and magnesium

Question 21

There is a direct relationship between increased sodium levels and what seven things?

Answer 21

Increased platelet reactivity, stroke (independent of blood pressure), left ventricular hypertrophy, MI, CHF, sudden-death and left ventricular filling

Question 22

What do high levels of sodium do to the artery and the arterial endothelium?

Answer 22

It reduces arterial compliance and causes stiffening and swelling of the endothelium

Question 23

What two things do not happen in salt sensitive patients with salt loading?

Answer 23

They do not inhibit their sympathetic nervous system activity or increase nitric oxide production

Question 24

Decreased sodium leads to what in target organ damage?

Answer 24

It decreases target organ damage in the brain, heart, kidney and vasculature that is both dependent and independent of blood pressure

Question 25

What is the daily recommended intake of sodium?

Answer 25

1.5–2 g per day

Question 26

What is the relationship between magnesium levels and blood pressure?

Answer 26

There is an inverse relationship

Question 27

How does magnesium interact with sodium and end up inducing vasodilation?

Answer 27

It competes with sodium for binding sites on vascular smooth muscle and acts like a calcium channel blocker, increases prostaglandin E and binds cooperatively with potassium

Question 28

How is calcium associated with blood pressure?

Answer 28

Higher dietary calcium is associated with decreased blood pressure and a decreased risk of developing hypertension

Question 29

What are the three primary omega-3 fatty acids?

Answer 29

1) Alpha Linolenic Acid
2) EPA
3) DHA

Question 30

What is the mechanism of action of omega-3 fatty acids in treating blood pressure?

Answer 30

It increases nitric oxide and prostaglandins and decreases thromboxane A2 and leukotrienes

Question 31

What do omega-3 fatty acids do to free-floating fatty acids?

Answer 31

They act as intracellular and inter organ fuel partitioners, directing fatty acids away from storage and towards oxidation

Question 32

What do omega-3 fatty acids do to endothelial function and plasma norepinephrine?

Answer 32

They improve endothelial dysfunction and decrease plasma norepinephrine thereby improving cardiac function

Question 33

What foods have ace inhibitor activity in vitro?

Answer 33

Sour milk, casein, Zein (protein in corn), gelatin, sake, sardines, tuna, fish sauce, seaweed, garlic, Hawthorne, and you hydrolyzed whey, omega-3 fatty acids and pycnogel (bark)