Part 10 Flashcards
What types of molecules do antibodies (immunoglobulins) bind to?
They usually bind to proteins or complex carbohydrates. Occasionally they bind to lipids.
What are antibodies?
They are immunoglobulins that are produced by lymphocytes and bind to specific molecules
What happens when immunoglobulins bind to complement proteins?
The immune reaction is enhanced. This system is called humoral immunity
What makes immunoglobulins?
Specific clones of plasma cells
Are immunoglobulins named for the light chain or the heavy chain?
The heavy chain
What type of surface is IgA typically released on?
It is a secretory immunoglobulin and is typically released on mucosal surfaces
Where are high concentrations of IgA usually found?
Tears, nasal secretions, saliva and secretions from the G.I. tract
How does IgA act as the first line of defense on mucosal surfaces?
It prevents adherence of the microorganism to the mucosa
What substance has a very high concentration of IgA?
Colostrum
Where is IgD usually found?
Along with IgM, bound on the surface of B lymphocytes
What function does IgD perform?
It controls B cell activation and can suppress it under certain conditions
Where is IgE typically located?
It sits beneath the epithelial layer in the respiratory and intestinal tissues
What is IgE usually bound to?
It is usually bound to mast cells by Fc receptors
What happens when IgE is activated?
When activated it triggers chemotactic factors and complement that attracts phagocytes and T cells
What would happen with a very intense IgE reaction?
And immediate hypersensitivity reaction (atopic allergy) characterized by asthma, allergy and hives
Where is IgG typically located?
It can migrate anywhere in the body and is usually located in the serum
What is the main immunoglobulin in serum?
IgG. It makes up 75% of total antibodies
What is IgG most effective against?
Viruses and microbial toxins
How does IgG help newborns?
It provides passive immunity to the fetus in utero and the baby for the first six months of life
What does the cytokine IL-1 do in relation to cancer?
It promotes angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis
What immune function does IgG promote?
Phagocytosis
What does the cytokine IL-6 do in relation to cancer?
There signaling has been implicated in tumorigenesis and elevated levels have been detected in multiple epithelial tumors
What does TNF alpha do?
It is a cytokine that is involved in systemic inflammation that stimulates the acute phase reaction
True or false. TNF alpha has both pro and anti-tumorigenic activity in animal models
True
Heavy metals bind well to what protein in the kidneys?
metalothionine
Heavy metals are primarily stored in what three tissues in the body?
bone, brain and kidney
What are the two most common saturated fatty acids?
Palmitic and stearic acids
What are the two most common unsaturated fatty acids?
Oleic and linoleic acids
What does the cytokine IL-8 do in relation to cancer?
Promotes tumorigenesis through regulation of angiogenesis, cancer cell growth and survival, leukocyte infiltration and modification of the immune responses.
How does lycopene affect cancer cells?
It disables the angiogenic ability of cancer cells
What enzyme does the body use to manufacture sulforaphane and indole-3-carbinol?
Myrosinase
What foods contain myrosinase?
Spicy foods including broccoli sprouts, mustard, horseradish and wasabi.
What is nitrosation?
A cellular process in which certain substances in food and water are converted into cancer causing compounds
What food inhibits markers of nitrosation?
Garlic
Necessary to form hemoglobin in RBCs; participates in the synthesis of RNA and DNA
Vitamin B6 (pryidoxine)
Necessary for the manufacture of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, as well as coenzyme A and the acyl carrier protein
Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)
