Part 10 Flashcards

0
Q

What types of molecules do antibodies (immunoglobulins) bind to?

A

They usually bind to proteins or complex carbohydrates. Occasionally they bind to lipids.

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1
Q

What are antibodies?

A

They are immunoglobulins that are produced by lymphocytes and bind to specific molecules

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2
Q

What happens when immunoglobulins bind to complement proteins?

A

The immune reaction is enhanced. This system is called humoral immunity

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3
Q

What makes immunoglobulins?

A

Specific clones of plasma cells

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4
Q

Are immunoglobulins named for the light chain or the heavy chain?

A

The heavy chain

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5
Q

What type of surface is IgA typically released on?

A

It is a secretory immunoglobulin and is typically released on mucosal surfaces

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6
Q

Where are high concentrations of IgA usually found?

A

Tears, nasal secretions, saliva and secretions from the G.I. tract

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7
Q

How does IgA act as the first line of defense on mucosal surfaces?

A

It prevents adherence of the microorganism to the mucosa

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8
Q

What substance has a very high concentration of IgA?

A

Colostrum

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9
Q

Where is IgD usually found?

A

Along with IgM, bound on the surface of B lymphocytes

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10
Q

What function does IgD perform?

A

It controls B cell activation and can suppress it under certain conditions

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11
Q

Where is IgE typically located?

A

It sits beneath the epithelial layer in the respiratory and intestinal tissues

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12
Q

What is IgE usually bound to?

A

It is usually bound to mast cells by Fc receptors

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13
Q

What happens when IgE is activated?

A

When activated it triggers chemotactic factors and complement that attracts phagocytes and T cells

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14
Q

What would happen with a very intense IgE reaction?

A

And immediate hypersensitivity reaction (atopic allergy) characterized by asthma, allergy and hives

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15
Q

Where is IgG typically located?

A

It can migrate anywhere in the body and is usually located in the serum

16
Q

What is the main immunoglobulin in serum?

A

IgG. It makes up 75% of total antibodies

17
Q

What is IgG most effective against?

A

Viruses and microbial toxins

18
Q

How does IgG help newborns?

A

It provides passive immunity to the fetus in utero and the baby for the first six months of life

19
Q

What does the cytokine IL-1 do in relation to cancer?

A

It promotes angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis

20
Q

What immune function does IgG promote?

A

Phagocytosis

21
Q

What does the cytokine IL-6 do in relation to cancer?

A

There signaling has been implicated in tumorigenesis and elevated levels have been detected in multiple epithelial tumors

22
Q

What does TNF alpha do?

A

It is a cytokine that is involved in systemic inflammation that stimulates the acute phase reaction

23
Q

True or false. TNF alpha has both pro and anti-tumorigenic activity in animal models

A

True

24
Q

Heavy metals bind well to what protein in the kidneys?

A

metalothionine

25
Q

Heavy metals are primarily stored in what three tissues in the body?

A

bone, brain and kidney

26
Q

What are the two most common saturated fatty acids?

A

Palmitic and stearic acids

27
Q

What are the two most common unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Oleic and linoleic acids

28
Q

What does the cytokine IL-8 do in relation to cancer?

A

Promotes tumorigenesis through regulation of angiogenesis, cancer cell growth and survival, leukocyte infiltration and modification of the immune responses.

29
Q

How does lycopene affect cancer cells?

A

It disables the angiogenic ability of cancer cells

30
Q

What enzyme does the body use to manufacture sulforaphane and indole-3-carbinol?

A

Myrosinase

31
Q

What foods contain myrosinase?

A

Spicy foods including broccoli sprouts, mustard, horseradish and wasabi.

32
Q

What is nitrosation?

A

A cellular process in which certain substances in food and water are converted into cancer causing compounds

33
Q

What food inhibits markers of nitrosation?

A

Garlic

34
Q

Necessary to form hemoglobin in RBCs; participates in the synthesis of RNA and DNA

A

Vitamin B6 (pryidoxine)

35
Q

Necessary for the manufacture of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, as well as coenzyme A and the acyl carrier protein

A

Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)