Part 8

Question 0

What are type 1 one muscle fibers?

Answer 0

Slow twitch muscle fibers that are smaller in size, slower to fatigue

Question 1

At what age does sarcopenia typically start and what percentages of people does it affect at older ages?

Answer 1

It starts at age 50.

It affects 30% of people older than 50 and the greater than 60% of people older than 80

Question 2

What are type 2 muscle fibers?

Answer 2

Fast twitch. They fatigue much more quickly but produce greater power

Question 3

What types of muscle fibers are lost in sarcopenia?

Answer 3

Type 1 and type 2

Question 4

What medical conditions are associated with sarcopenia?

Answer 4

Osteoporosis, obesity and metabolic syndrome

Question 5

Sarcopenia is associated with a decrease in what 4 hormones?

Answer 5

Testosterone, growth hormone, DHEA and IGF-I

Question 6

Name 12 vitamin and supplement treatments for sarcopenia

Answer 6

Hormone replacement, vitamin D, creatine (3 g per day), glucosamine, protein, colostrum, whey protein, L-Lucine, omega-3 fatty acids, selenium, strontium and boron

Question 7

Name six benefits to the brain from exercise

Answer 7

Decreased atrophy, increased gray matter, decreased white matter changes, increased BDNF, increased IGF-I and increased hippocampal volume

Question 8

Name 12 risk factors for DVT

Answer 8

Post operative states, congestive heart failure, stroke, thrombocytosis, erythrocytosis, homocystinuria, sickle cell anemia, oral contraceptive pills, pregnancy, prolonged bed rest, prolonged periods of travel and underlying carcinoma

Question 9

How are visual problems related to an increased risk of stroke?

Answer 9

People with age-related macular degeneration may be at a 50% increased risk for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke

Question 10

What is an Ocular Pulse Amplitude (OPA)?

Answer 10

It’s the difference in the pressure in the eye between systolic and diastolic

Question 11

What does a low OPA typically signify?

Answer 11

Carotid stenosis

Question 12

What is dry macular degeneration?

Answer 12

Collections of drusen and an atrophic retina

Question 13

What is wet macular degeneration?

Answer 13

Abnormal blood vessels that grow beneath the retina and bleed into that space. The abnormal blood vessels form a choroidal neovascular membrane

Question 14

What is the association between omega-3 fatty acids and macular degeneration?

Answer 14

Some studies show that regular omega-3 fatty acid intake maybe associated with a lower risk of macular degeneration

Question 15

Low levels of what vitamin is associated with an increased risk of age related macular degeneration?

Answer 15

Vitamin D

Question 16

What is the incubation time of chlamydia?

Answer 16

Difficult to determine

Question 17

What are the symptoms of chlamydia?

Answer 17

Possibly none. Discharge. Painful urination. Female bleeding after intercourse and pelvic pain

Question 18

What are the complications of chlamydia?

Answer 18

Sterility. Infection of sex organs. Tubal pregnancy. Death.

Question 19

What was the most reported sexually-transmitted disease in 2009?

Answer 19

Chlamydia

Question 20

What is the incubation time of HSV-1 HSV-2?

Answer 20

Anywhere from 2 to 20 days although it may take years

Question 21

What are the symptoms of HSV 1 and 2?

Answer 21

Appetite loss. Painful blisters which will to be gone in 5-21 days. Fever. Malaise. Muscle aches in the lower body.

Question 22

What are the complications of HSV-1 and HSV-2?

Answer 22

The blisters may recur. They can be passed to an infant at birth. It can be transmitted during a remission.

Question 23

How are HSV-1 HSV-2 transmitted?

Answer 23

Oral genital or genital oral. It can spread to the eye.

Question 24

How many different types of HPV are there?

Answer 24

40 different types

Question 25

What is the incubation time of HPV?

Answer 25

Six months

Question 26

What types does the HPV vaccine cover?

Answer 26

6, 11, 16 and 18

Question 27

What are the general symptoms of HPV?

Answer 27

Itching and burning. Minor bleeding.

Question 28

Which types of HPV causes genital warts?

Answer 28

6 and 11

Question 29

Which types of HPV are associated with anal- genital cancer?

Answer 29

16 and 18

Question 30

What is the most common STD in the world?

Answer 30

HPV

Question 31

What are the complications of HPV?

Answer 31

It may cause cervical cancer in women. It can spread to the anus. It is tough to remove.

Question 32

What is the incubation time of hepatitis A?

Answer 32

15 to 50 days

Question 33

What are the symptoms of hepatitis A?

Answer 33

Mild flulike upper respiratory infection and low-grade fever. Jaundice and dark urine. G.I. symptoms. Aversion to the taste of cigarettes. Sometimes none. Most patients recover.

Question 34

What is the typical duration of symptoms in hepatitis A?

Answer 34

4 to 8 weeks

Question 35

What are the physical exam findings of hepatitis A?

Answer 35

Jaundice, low-grade fever and dark urine. Liver and spleen are enlarged for a few days.

Question 36

When and for how long is hepatitis A antigen found in stool?

Answer 36

7 to 10 days before the illness and 2 to 3 weeks after symptom onset.

Question 37

When will you find hepatitis A antibodies in serum?

Answer 37

At the onset of symptoms

Question 38

Is there a carrier state in hepatitis A?

Answer 38

No

Question 39

What is the treatment for hepatitis A?

Answer 39

There is no treatment for those infected. Immune globulin is recommended for people who are exposed