Part 4

Question 0

ROS increase with age. Inflammatory cytokines then bind to the cell membrane and then…

Answer 0

it turn on transduction systems which leads to genetic transcription. This leads the production of i NOS and COX – 2. This leads to increased inflammation which then causes a feedback loop to cause more cytokine production

Question 1

How does inflammation leads to inflammatory prostaglandins?

Answer 1

It increases free radical reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS & RNS). This then turns on “death genes”. This leads to stimulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and Cox 2 enzymes which helps convert arachidonic acid to inflammatory prostaglandins

Question 2

Three main reasons that diabetes is bad for the brain

Answer 2

1) glycated proteins produced 50 times the ROS compared to non-glycated ones.
2) hippocampus is damaged by glucose
3) beta-amyloid can be modified by glucose to be more inflammatory which then turns on microglia

Question 3

Normal mitochondrial function leads to normal ATP production which maintains the Intracellular and extra cellular gradient how?

Answer 3

It helps to maintain a normal NMDA receptor magnesium block

Question 4

Abnormal mitochondrial function leads to decreased ATP production which leads to an abnormal gradient which leads to a poor magnesium/NMDA receptor block. This then leads to what?

Answer 4

An influx of calcium via glutamate binding at the receptor. This calcium then damages the mitochondria which leads to decreased ATP production which then continues the cycle

Question 5

Do Alzheimer’s patients have increased inflammatory cytokines?

Answer 5

Yes

Question 6

Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to increased cytokine production which activates what enzyme?

Answer 6

iNOS which increases nitrogen oxide production which then reacts with superoxide and forms peroxy nitrite which then leads to cell toxicity and thus inhibited mitochondrial function

Question 7

A concussion causes impaired axonal transport via what?

Answer 7

The end disruption of neurofilament and microtubules

Question 8

A concussion causes neuronal membrane damage at the cellular level. What happens next?

Answer 8

There are ionic shifts which then leads to increased extracellular glutamate and aspartate (mediated by astrocytes and microglia). This then may cause some cellular apoptosis

Question 9

Supplementing what 2 vitamins has been shown to decrease the risk of Alzheimer’s by as much as 78%?

Answer 9

Vitamins C and E

Question 10

Increased BMI is associated with what later in life?

Answer 10

Decreased hippocampal volume

Question 11

High sugar diets, insulin dysregulation and production of AGEs strongly implicated in what?

Answer 11

CNS inflammation and neuronal calcium channel dysregulation

Question 12

There is a direct link between what and atrophy of the medial temporal lobes?

Answer 12

Diabetes

Question 13

True or false: diabetes impairs executive function?

Answer 13

True

Question 14

What are the percentage increase risks for Alzheimer’s disease with Apo E 3/4 and 4/4?

Answer 14

3/4 = 45% increased risk
4/4 = 90% increased risk

Question 15

In the brain ApoE is mainly secreted by what?

Answer 15

Astrocytes and microglia, both of which surround amyloid plaques

Question 16

Astrocytes promote beta-amyloid clearance via what?

Answer 16

An ApoE dependent mechanism

Question 17

Lower levels of omega-3 fatty acids correlated with what in regard to the brain?

Answer 17

Smaller brain volumes and worst performance on cognitive testing. Brains also age faster.

Question 18

Omega-3 fatty acids do what do cerebral blood flow?

Answer 18

Increase it

Question 19

High omega-3 fatty acid levels correlates with what Alzheimer’s markers?

Answer 19

Lower plasma beta-amyloid 40 and 42

Question 20

In relation to Alzheimer’s disease, people with the highest DHA consumption had what?

Answer 20

A 78% decrease risk reduction for Alzheimer’s disease

Question 21

DHA plays an important role in what 6 functions?

Answer 21

1) mitochondrial and neuronal membrane fluidity
2) Signal transduction
3) Neurogenesis
4) Gliogenesis
5) Synaptogenesis
6) Reduction of the Cox-2 enzyme

Question 22

Neuronal DHA does what to phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine?

Answer 22

It increases their levels

Question 23

Neuronal DHA does what during development and adulthood?

Answer 23

It promotes neurite outgrowth

Question 24

What is curcumin and can it cross the blood brain barrier?

Answer 24

It is the principal curcuminoid of Tumeric and it can cross the blood brain barrier because it is lipophilic

Question 25

What does curcumin do in TBI patients?

Answer 25

It inhibits interleukin 1 beta and NF kappa beta. It also decreased post traumatic reactive gliosis and prevents up regulation of aquaporin 4 which therefore decreases edema

Question 26

True or false. Diets rich in curcumin are associated with a lower incidence of Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 26

True

Question 27

What does curcumin do in in vitro studies about Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 27

It inhibits amyloid beta aggregation and inflammation. It also inhibits beta secretase and acetylcholinesterase

Question 28

How could curcumin help in Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 28

It prevents the clumping of alpha synuclein

Question 29

Coffee drinking midlife is associated with what later in life?

Answer 29

Decrease risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease

Question 30

A mouse study showed that caffeine did what in regards to Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 30

It inhibited amyloid beta production

Question 31

In a French study, three servings or greater of caffeine showed what?

Answer 31

Better verbal retrieval and better visual spatial memory. This was seen in women but not men

Question 32

In an animal study of Resveratrol, what was shown that would help with Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 32

It was protective of beta-amyloid induced neurotoxicity by suppressing nitric oxide synthase production

Question 33

True or False: Parkinson’s disease patients have reduced levels of glutathione

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Three facts about Parkinson’s disease and l-dopa

Answer 34

1) patients need higher doses over time
2) L-dopa does not change progression of the disease
3) L-dopa increases risk for vascular disease and elevates homocystine

Question 35

What are the seven most common causes of mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders?

Answer 35

1) degenerative brain disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and Louis body dementia
2) vascular disease and strokes
3) cancer and side effects of cancer treatments
4) trauma
5) infections and immune disease
6) alcohol and other Brain toxins
7) Disorders causing metabolic encephalopathy, depression, thyroid disease and diabetes

Question 36

What are the seven functions of the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 36

Impulse control, attention, organization, self-monitoring, self-control, critical thinking and empathy

Question 37

What are the seven functions of the temporal lobes?

Answer 37

Hearing, reading, reading social cues, short-term memory, recognizing objects by sight, mood stability and naming

Question 38

What are the eight functions of the parietal lobes?

Answer 38

Direction, sensory perception, seeing motion, visual guidance (grabbing objects), recognizing objects by touch, ability to know where you are in space, knowing your right from your left and reading and creating maps

Question 39

What are the four functions of the occipital lobes?

Answer 39

Site, color perception, lines and depth

Question 40

What are the nine problems with prefrontal cortex damage?

Answer 40

Poor judgment, impulsivity, short attention span, disorganization, trouble learning from experience, confusion, poor time management, repeated mistakes and lack of empathy

Question 41

What are seven symptoms of temporal lobe damage?

Answer 41

Memory loss, word finding difficulties, trouble reading social cues, mood instability, poor visual recognition, abnormal sensory perception and religious or moral preoccupation

Question 42

What are seven symptoms of parietal lobe damage?

Answer 42

Impaired direction sense, left right confusion, trouble dressing or putting things together, denial of illness, trouble with math or writing, neglect and impaired copying drawing or cutting