Part 1 Flashcards
What are the major inflammatory mediators?
Prostaglandins and leukotrienes
True or false. Nearly all diseases have an inflammatory component
True
What effect do prostaglandins have on blood vessels?
They encourage blood vessel dilation
Where do series 1 prostaglandins come from?
Dihomo Gamma linolenic acid (DGLA) from omega 6
Where do Series 3 prostaglandins come from?
Eicosa pentanoic acid (EPA) from omega-3
What effect do leukotrienes have on inflammation?
They determine the extent of the inflammatory response
What pathway do leukotrienes come from?
Series 2 prostaglandins via arachidonic acid (omega six fatty acid)
What major function does NF kappa beta have?
It controls the transcription of DNA
What stimulates NF kappa beta?
Oxidative stress. NF kappa beta then causes the release of IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha
What does air with increased fine particulate matter do in the short-term?
Increases stroke
What does air with increased fine particulate matter do in the long-term?
Increased cognitive decline in the elderly
What six things increase health costs via climate related events?
Ozone pollution, heat waves, hurricanes, infectious disease outbreaks, river flooding and wildfires
Pneumonic: obese holy hats infect ravenous pigs
What do increased temperatures do to susceptible elderly patients?
Increase death
1°C increase in temperature in COPD equals what percentage increase in mortality?
3.7%
1°C increase in temperature in heart failure results in what percentage increase in mortality?
2.8%
O2 reduced to —–> H2O =
ATP + Heat which releases 4 free radicals: super oxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, nitrogen oxide and hydroxyl radical
Pneumonic: nudists swirl heightened hairs
Free radical production is needed for cellular function but what happens if mitochondrial function is poor?
Free radicals increase which damages cell structures and protein which leads to decreased cellular function
In healthy 20-year-olds what percent of resting energy is from fat?
75%
In early-onset mitochondrial dysfunction what percentage of resting energy is from fat?
20%
12 Factors that lead to EOMD
1) Dec lipolysis
2) Dec FA metabolism
3) Nutritional deficiencies
4) Stress
5) Sleep deprivation
6) Hormone deficiencies
7) Drugs, toxicity and infections
8) Hypoxia
9) Decreased methylation
10) Ischemia
11) Inflammation
12) Hypoglycemia
What are the 6 hormonal factors that increase lipolysis?
T3, epi, testosterone, DHEA, HGH and hydrocortisone
What are the 2 hormonal factors that decrease lipolysis?
Insulin and estradiol
10 Treatments for decreased lipolysis
Decrease carbs, increase omega-3 fatty acids, chromium, lipoic acid, niacin, berberine, metformin, weight-loss, progesterone replacement and exercise
Transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria is dependent on what?
T3 and Carnitine. Low intensity exercise also helps increase FA metabolism
Beta oxidation requires what three things?
1) NAD from niacin (B3)
2) FAD from riboflavin (B2)
3) Acetyl CoA from thiamine (B1), lipoic acid and pyruvate
What are the 7 drugs that can decrease mitochondrial function?
Statins, beta blockers, SSRIs, retroviral medications, NSAIDs, cocaine and azides (HCTZ)
Methionine is recycled via what three things?
Folic acid + ATP + B 12
What are methyl groups needed for?
Neurotransmitter function, detoxification and mitochondrial energy production
What metal can impair methylation?
Mercury
What supplements help decrease generalized inflammation?
Omega-3 fatty acids, curcumin, boswellia and ginger
Mouse study: mice with the best resting mitochondrial function had what percentage longer lifespan compared to those in the lowest quartile?
36% better
The difference in male and female longevity may be related to what?
Maternal transmission of mitochondrial genomes
