Part 2

Question 0

In a study on women with colorectal cancer, what association was there with telomere length?

Answer 0

There was a U shaped curve. In other words, there was an increased risk for colorectal cancer with telomeres that were too long or too short

Question 1

short telomeres put you at increased risk for what?

Answer 1

Cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and death

Question 2

What is glycation?

Answer 2

The nonenzymatic addition of simple sugars to proteins

Question 3

What is a fibroblast?

Answer 3

A cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen

Question 4

What is carnosine made of?

Answer 4

It is a dipeptide of beta-alanine and histidine

Question 5

What organs is carnosine primarily found in?

Answer 5

Brain and muscle, less in the heart, liver and kidneys as well as some other organs. It is primarily found in red meat.

Question 6

What is the MOA of carnosine?

Answer 6

It decreases glycation and cross-linking of proteins. It is also an antioxidant.

Question 7

What effect did carnosine have on human diploid fibroblasts?

Answer 7

It decreased the rate of telomere shortening and damage

Question 8

What effect did carnosine have on fruit flies in one study?

Answer 8

It increased the lifespan of male fruit flies by 16% and female fruit flies by 36%

Question 9

What effect does carnosine have on lipids?

Answer 9

It decreases oxidative stress

Question 10

What effect does carnosine have on platelet aggregation?

Answer 10

It decreases platelet aggregation in patients with a high clotting index and increases platelet aggregation in patients with a low clotting index

Question 11

What effect does carnosine have on cataracts and skin?

Answer 11

It decreases cataract formation and decreases skin aging

Question 12

Carnosine + what is used to treat peptic ulcers?

Answer 12

Zinc

Question 13

what effect does carnosine have on exercise?

Answer 13

It increases muscle strength and endurance

Question 14

What is the typical dose of carnosine supplementation?

Answer 14

100 - 200 mg per day

Question 15

What is another name for vitamin C?

Answer 15

L-ascorbic acid

Question 16

Is vitamin C an essential or nonessential vitamin?

Answer 16

Essential: it must be eaten.

Question 17

Is vitamin C an antioxidant and what does this mean?

Answer 17

Yes. It is an electron doner. It is the major water-soluble antioxidant in the body.

Question 18

What reduces vitamin C back to its active form?

Answer 18

Glutathione

Question 19

Vitamin C plays what major structural role in the body?

Answer 19

Collagen synthesis

Question 20

In the epidemiologic study NHANEs, what relationship was there in men and women with vitamin C concentration?

Answer 20

There was an inverse relationship with vitamin C concentration and mortality in men. The association was weaker with women.

Question 21

What effect did vitamin C have on human vascular endothelial cells?

Answer 21

It decreased age-dependent telomere shortening by 52 to 62% which therefore increased lifespan of the cells

Question 22

What is the typical dosing for vitamin C?

Answer 22

Up to 1000 mg per day

Question 23

Is CoQ10 fat-soluble or water-soluble?

Answer 23

Fat soluble

Question 24

What role does CoQ10 have in the mitochondria?

Answer 24

It accepts electrons from complex I and II and helps transport these electrons through the mitochondrial electron transport chain to create ATP

Question 25

What effect did CoQ10 have on aging in one animal study?

Answer 25

It did not increase lifespan but one study showed decreased age-related DNA damage

Question 26

What disease states have been shown to benefit from CoQ10? (7 of them)

Answer 26

Cancer, endothelial dysfunction, Parkinson’s disease (animal studies), congestive heart failure, hypertension, periodontal disease and Alzheimer’s disease

Question 27

What disease states need to be considered before prescribing CoQ10?

Answer 27

Atrial fibrillation as it can interact with Coumadin and decrease the INR. Also diabetes as it can lower glucose. Additionally hypertension as it can lower blood pressure

Question 28

What are the typical doses for CoQ10 based on age?

Answer 28

20 to 35: 30 mg per day. 35 to 50: 50 to 100 mg per day. Greater than 50: 50 to 100 mg b.i.d.

Question 29

If the patient is on statin medication, what dosage of CoQ10 would you recommend?

Answer 29

50–100 mg b.i.d.

Question 30

Taurine is an amino acid composed of what three components?

Answer 30

Vitamin B6, methionine and cysteine

Question 31

What vitamins does taurine need to function properly?

Answer 31

Zinc

Question 32

What can deplete the body of taurine?

Answer 32

Chronic stress

Question 33

What are the primary food sources of taurine?

Answer 33

Meat, fish, poultry, eggs and dairy. Beans and nuts contain methionine and cysteine which can then be combined with vitamin B6 to make taurine.

Question 34

What is the most abundant intracellular sulfur containing amino acid in the body?

Answer 34

Taurine

Question 35

What 4 diseases does taurine benefit?

Answer 35

Congestive heart failure, hypertension, arrhythmias and diabetes (it increases insulin sensitivity)

Question 36

What effect does taurine have on lipids?

Answer 36

Decreased LDL, decreased ApoB, decreased oxidative LDL and decreased triglycerides

Question 37

What anti-aging functions does taurine have in the body?

Answer 37

Conjugation of bile acids, antioxidant, Osmo regulation, membrane stabilization and modulation of calcium signaling

Question 38

What is the typical dosing for taurine?

Answer 38

2–3 g QD – b.i.d.