Part 2 Flashcards
In a study on women with colorectal cancer, what association was there with telomere length?
There was a U shaped curve. In other words, there was an increased risk for colorectal cancer with telomeres that were too long or too short
short telomeres put you at increased risk for what?
Cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and death
What is glycation?
The nonenzymatic addition of simple sugars to proteins
What is a fibroblast?
A cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen
What is carnosine made of?
It is a dipeptide of beta-alanine and histidine
What organs is carnosine primarily found in?
Brain and muscle, less in the heart, liver and kidneys as well as some other organs. It is primarily found in red meat.
What is the MOA of carnosine?
It decreases glycation and cross-linking of proteins. It is also an antioxidant.
What effect did carnosine have on human diploid fibroblasts?
It decreased the rate of telomere shortening and damage
What effect did carnosine have on fruit flies in one study?
It increased the lifespan of male fruit flies by 16% and female fruit flies by 36%
What effect does carnosine have on lipids?
It decreases oxidative stress
What effect does carnosine have on platelet aggregation?
It decreases platelet aggregation in patients with a high clotting index and increases platelet aggregation in patients with a low clotting index
What effect does carnosine have on cataracts and skin?
It decreases cataract formation and decreases skin aging
Carnosine + what is used to treat peptic ulcers?
Zinc
what effect does carnosine have on exercise?
It increases muscle strength and endurance
What is the typical dose of carnosine supplementation?
100 - 200 mg per day
What is another name for vitamin C?
L-ascorbic acid
Is vitamin C an essential or nonessential vitamin?
Essential: it must be eaten.
Is vitamin C an antioxidant and what does this mean?
Yes. It is an electron doner. It is the major water-soluble antioxidant in the body.
What reduces vitamin C back to its active form?
Glutathione
Vitamin C plays what major structural role in the body?
Collagen synthesis
In the epidemiologic study NHANEs, what relationship was there in men and women with vitamin C concentration?
There was an inverse relationship with vitamin C concentration and mortality in men. The association was weaker with women.
What effect did vitamin C have on human vascular endothelial cells?
It decreased age-dependent telomere shortening by 52 to 62% which therefore increased lifespan of the cells
What is the typical dosing for vitamin C?
Up to 1000 mg per day
Is CoQ10 fat-soluble or water-soluble?
Fat soluble
What role does CoQ10 have in the mitochondria?
It accepts electrons from complex I and II and helps transport these electrons through the mitochondrial electron transport chain to create ATP
What effect did CoQ10 have on aging in one animal study?
It did not increase lifespan but one study showed decreased age-related DNA damage
What disease states have been shown to benefit from CoQ10? (7 of them)
Cancer, endothelial dysfunction, Parkinson’s disease (animal studies), congestive heart failure, hypertension, periodontal disease and Alzheimer’s disease
What disease states need to be considered before prescribing CoQ10?
Atrial fibrillation as it can interact with Coumadin and decrease the INR. Also diabetes as it can lower glucose. Additionally hypertension as it can lower blood pressure
What are the typical doses for CoQ10 based on age?
20 to 35: 30 mg per day. 35 to 50: 50 to 100 mg per day. Greater than 50: 50 to 100 mg b.i.d.
If the patient is on statin medication, what dosage of CoQ10 would you recommend?
50–100 mg b.i.d.
Taurine is an amino acid composed of what three components?
Vitamin B6, methionine and cysteine
What vitamins does taurine need to function properly?
Zinc
What can deplete the body of taurine?
Chronic stress
What are the primary food sources of taurine?
Meat, fish, poultry, eggs and dairy. Beans and nuts contain methionine and cysteine which can then be combined with vitamin B6 to make taurine.
What is the most abundant intracellular sulfur containing amino acid in the body?
Taurine
What 4 diseases does taurine benefit?
Congestive heart failure, hypertension, arrhythmias and diabetes (it increases insulin sensitivity)
What effect does taurine have on lipids?
Decreased LDL, decreased ApoB, decreased oxidative LDL and decreased triglycerides
What anti-aging functions does taurine have in the body?
Conjugation of bile acids, antioxidant, Osmo regulation, membrane stabilization and modulation of calcium signaling
What is the typical dosing for taurine?
2–3 g QD – b.i.d.
