Part 8 Flashcards
What is an extinction burst?
initial increase in response frequency (in any of the first 3 sessions that are higher than the last 5 baseline sessions); initial increase in response amplitude or force may also occur
What are some extinction facts?
it is both a procedure and a result of such; there are both operant and respondent types; problem behavior can still occur but is not reinforced; can be procedural (ignoring) or functional (withholding maintaining reinforcer); it is not simply any decrease in behavior or the same as forgetting; sensory extinction is not the same as response blocking; NCR is not extinction; extinction of behavior maintained by positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and automatic reinforcement; makes behaviors return to prereinforcement levels or stop entirely
What is spontaneous recovery?
behavior reappears after it has diminished
What is resistance to extinction?
continued responding during extinction procedures; response effort is inversely related to resistance
How do previous reinforcement schedules affect extinction?
intermittent schedules may produce behaviors that are more resistant to extinction; variable schedules are more resistant; to a degree, the thinner the intermittent schedule, the greater the resistance to extinction; longer reinforcement histories may increase resistance
What do all stimuli functioning as reinforcers require?
minimum level of a relevant EO
What are guidelines for extinction?
withhold all reinforcers maintaining problem behavior; consistently withhold reinforcers; combine with other procedures; use instructions; plan for extinction-produced aggression; increase number of extinction trials; include significant others in extinction; guard against unintentional extinction; maintain extinction-decreased behaviors; do not use extinction when behaviors might be imitated by others or with extreme behaviors
What is differential reinforcement?
reinforce one response and withhold reinforcement for another response; DRI/DNRI, DRA/DNRA, DRO/DNRO, DRL, DRH, DRD
What are DRI/DRA guidelines?
select incompatible/alternative behavior; select powerful reinforcers that can be delivered consistently; withhold reinforcers for problem behavior; combine with other procedures
What are variations of DRO?
DRO = omission training; interval or momentary DRO; fixed- or variable-momentary DRO
What are guidelines for DRO?
recognize limitations; set initial intervals that ensure reinforcement; do not inadvertently reinforce other undesirable behaviors; gradually increase interval; extend DRO application to other settings/times of day; combine with other procedures
What is DRL?
DR of low responding (for behaviors occurring too frequently); full-session, interval, and spaced responding DRL (based on IRT)
What are DRL guidelines?
recognize limitations; choose most appropriate DRL procedure; use baseline data to guide the selection of the initial response or IRT limits; gradually thin the DRL schedule; provide feedback to the learner
What are some antecedent interventions?
NCR (FT or VT schedule), high-p request sequences, FCT
What is needed for effective use of NCR?
enhance effectiveness (amount/quality) of reinforcement; include extinction, reinforcer preferences can change, FBA, emphasize NCR; time-based NCR schedules; thinning schedules; setting terminal criteria, consider dis/advantages
What are advantages of NCR?
easy to apply; helps create positive learning environment; NCR+EXT may reduce extinction bursts; chance pairings of NCR with appropriate behavior could strengthen/maintain these behaviors
What are disadvantages of NCR?
free access to NCR stimulus may reduce motivation to engage in adaptive behavior; chance pairings with problem behaviors could strengthen them; NCR escape can be disruptive
How are high-p request sequences used effectively?
select from current repertoire; present requests rapidly; acknowledge compliance; use potent reinforcers; do not use right after problem behavior; do sequences throughout instructional period; teachers may drift to high-p only
What are some FCT facts?
EOs remain the same (unlike in NCR and high-p sequence); DRA application; 2 steps: identify stimulus maintaining behavior via FBA, then use as reinforcer for alternative communication response
How is FCT used effectively?
dense reinforcement schedule (CRF to start); decrease use of verbal prompts (fade all prompts over time); behavior reduction procedures; schedule thinning
What are FCT advantages?
great chance for generalization/maintenance of alternative response; may have high social validity; can be effective without extinction
What are disadvantages of FCT?
usually includes extinction, which may produce undesirable effects; extinction can be hard to use consistently; too high of rates of FCT response may occur at inconvenient/impossible times for caregiver; environment that evoked problem behavior is left intact, which may limit effectiveness
