Part 4 Flashcards
What is a rule?
verbal description of a behavioral contingency
What are important features of reinforcement?
immediacy, conditions in effect when behavior was emitted, current motivational strength for reinforcer
What is the 3-term contingency?
SD - response - consequence
discriminated operant
What are MOs?
environmental variables that alter the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus and the momentary frequency of all behaviors that have been reinforced by that stimulus/object/event in the past
What is the 4-term contingency?
EO - SD - response - consequence
What is the automacity of reinforcement?
reinforcement can occur without awareness (arbitrary nature of selection by reinforcement)
What is automatic reinforcement?
behavior-reinforcement relation without the delivery of the consequence by another person
What is verbal analog conditioning?
no physical pairing of US with NS
What are generalized conditioned reinforcers?
those that are effective across a wide EO range
What are some types of reinforcers?
edible, sensory, tangible, activity, social
What is the Premack principle?
high-frequency behaviors can be used as reinforcers to increase occurrence of low-frequency behaviors
What is the response-deprivation hypothesis?
predicting behavior effectiveness as reinforcement (related to Premack principle)
What are methods of conducting stimulus preference assessments?
ask, free-operant observation, trial-based methods (multiple options in each category)
What is a reinforcer assessment?
measure effect on response rate of different stimuli with a concurrent schedule, multiple schedule, or progressive ratio schedule
What are control procedures for positive reinforcement?
NCR, DRO, DRA
How should reinforcement be used effectively?
Set an easily achieved initial criterion for reinforcement; use high-quality reinforcers of sufficient magnitude; use varied reinforcers to maintain potency of EOs; use direct rather than indirect reinforcement contingencies when possible; combine response prompts and reinforcement; CRF schedule at first; use contingent attention and descriptive praise; gradually increase the response-to-reinforcement delay; gradually shift from contrived to naturally-occurring reinforcers
What does a full negative reinforcement description require?
4-term contingency
What is discriminated avoidance?
responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer
What is free-operant avoidance?
avoidance behavior is free to occur at any time (no SD) and will delay aversive stimulation
What are the two types of negative reinforcement?
social and automatic
What influences the effectiveness of negative reinforcement?
strength of contingency and presence of competing contingencies
What are some applications of negative reinforcement?
chronic food refusal, error-correction strategies
What are FR schedule effects?
regular, high-rate responding, then post-reinforcement pause (length depends on ratio size)
What are VR schedule effects?
consistent, steady, high-rate responding without post-reinforcement pause
What are FI schedule effects?
post-reinforcement pause then accelerating at low-to-moderate rate; results in FI scallop
What are VI schedule effects?
constant, stable, low-to-moderate response rate
What is a limited hold?
reinforcer is only available for a finite time after VI or FI interval elapses
What is ratio strain?
abrupt ratio changes that cause unwanted/paused responding
What are some differential reinforcement schedules?
DRH, DRL, DRD, DRA, DRO, DRI
What is a progressive schedule of reinforcement?
each successive reinforcement opportunity is systematically thinned independent of participant’s behavior (PR or PR)
What is a compound schedule of reinforcement?
combinations of CRF, FR, VR, FI, VI, DRH, DRL, and EXT schedules
What is a multiple schedule of reinforcement?
2+ basic schedules in random, alternating sequence (SD correlated with each basic schedule)
What is a chained schedule?
2+ basic schedules that occur successively and have an SD correlated with each; schedules in chain always occur in a specific order; behaviors may be same or different for different elements of that chain; conditioned reinforcement for response in first element in chain is presentation of second element and so forth until all are complete and reinforcement is delivered
What is a mixed schedule?
2+ basic schedules in random, alternating sequence with no SD for each schedule
What is a tandem schedule?
2+ basic schedules that occur successively (as in chained schedule) without an SD correlated with each schedule
What are two discriminative schedules of reinforcement?
multiple and chained schedules
What are two nondiscriminative schedules of reinforcement?
mixed and tandem schedules
Which schedules combine number of responses and time?
alternative and conjunctive schedules
What is an alternative schedule?
reinforcement is delivered whenever requirement of either a ratio or interval schedule is met, no matter which first
What is a conjunctive schedule?
reinforcement follows completion of response requirements for both a ratio and interval schedule of reinforcement
What are adjunctive behaviors?
time-filling behaviors (doodling, smoking, etc.) or schedule-induced behaviors, the frequency of which increases as a side effect of other behaviors maintained by a schedule of reinforcemnent
