Part 12

Question 0

What is response maintenance?

Answer 0

Extent to which a learner continues to perform target behavior after some/all of the treatment responsible for change is removed

Question 1

What are three basic forms of generalized behavior change?

Answer 1

Response maintenance, settings/situation generalizations, response generalization

Question 2

What is setting/situation generalization?

Answer 2

Extent to which a learner emits target behavior in a setting or stimulus situation different than in training; doesn’t need to be a different place, just some settings/stimulus change

Question 3

What are response maintenance failure and setting generalization failure?

Answer 3

Response maintenance failure means signs of generalization are later lost while setting generalization failure means behavior never occurred in novel setting

Question 4

What is response generalization?

Answer 4

Extent to which learner emits untrained responses that are functionally equivalent to trained target behavior

Question 5

What are two forms of undesirable setting/situation generalization?

Answer 5

Overgeneralization and faulty stimulus control

Question 6

What are other names for generalization across subjects?

Answer 6

Vicarious reinforcement = ripple effect = spillover effect

Question 7

How is generalization of behavior change planned for?

Answer 7

Select target behaviors that will meet naturally-existing reinforcement contingencies; behavior is functional only to the extent that it produces reinforcement for learner; relevance of behavior rule; naturally-existing versus contrived contingencies; specify all variations of the behavior and settings/situations where it should and shouldn’t occur; list all behaviors needing change; “train and hope” is not effective for generalization and maintenance; make instructional setting similar to generalization setting; program common stimuli; teach loosely; maximize contact with reinforcement in generalization setting; teach behaviors to levels required for natural reinforcement; program indiscriminable contingencies; set behavior traps; ask those in generalization setting to reinforce; teach reinforcement recruitment; mediate generalization; contrive a mediating stimulus; teach self-management skills; train to generalize; reinforce response variability; instructions for how to generalize

Question 8

What is the relevance of behavior rule?

Answer 8

Choose only those behaviors to change that will produce reinforcement in post-treatment environment

Question 9

What does it mean to teach sufficient exemplars?

Answer 9

Train sufficient exemplars; train diversely

Question 10

What are the two steps for programming common stimuli?

Answer 10

Identify salient stimuli that characterize generalization setting, and incorporate them into instructional setting

Question 11

What does teaching loosely mean?

Answer 11

Randomly varying noncritical aspects of the instructional setting within and across teaching sessions

Question 12

What is an indiscriminable contingency?

Answer 12

Learner is unable to predict if next response will lead to reinforcement; use intermittent reinforcement schedules and/or delayed rewards

Question 13

What are examples of mediating stimuli?

Answer 13

Cue cards, photographic activity schedules, self-operated prompting devices

Question 14

What is a lag reinforcement schedule?

Answer 14

Reinforcement is contingent on each response being different in some defined way from the previous response or a specified number of previous responses

Question 15

What are the guiding principles for promoting generalized outcomes?

Answer 15

Minimize need for generalization; probe for generalization before/during/after instruction; involve significant others; use least intrusive/costly tactics possible; contrive intervention tactics as needed to achieve important generalization outcomes

Question 16

What is a general case analysis?

Answer 16

Systematic method for selecting teaching examples that represent full range of stimulus variations and response requirements in generalized settings

Question 17

What are behavior traps?

Answer 17

One – “baited” with irresistible reinforcers
two – only a low-effort response already in learner’s repertoire is required
three – interrelated contingencies of reinforcement in trap motivate learner to acquire, extend, and maintain targeted skills
four – can remain effective for a long time