Part 11 Flashcards
How is a contingency contract developed?
1) hold a meeting
2) fill out list A
3) fill out list B
4) fill out list C
5) write contracts
What is a contingency/behavioral contract and its components?
document specifying contingent relationship between completion of certain behaviors and access to a specified reward; task (who/what/when/how well), reward (who judges completion/what/when/how much), and task record, rewards not reinforcers due to delay
What is a token economy?
behavior change system with specified target behaviors, tokens/points for emitting behaviors, and a menu of backup reinforcers to be exchanged for tokens
What is a level system?
token economy where individuals move up/down hierarchy of levels contingent on meeting specific target performance criteria
How are token economies designed?
select tokens; identify target behaviors and rules; select backup reinforcer menu; establish exchange ratio; write procedures specifying what happens if the token requirements are not met; field test
How are token economies implemented?
initial token training; ongoing token training; management issues during implementation; withdrawal of token economy
Why are token economies effective?
bridge time gap between behavior and ultimate reinforcer; bridge setting gap between behavior and reinforcer; motivation is less critical
What are considerations for using a token economy?
intrusive, self-perpetuating, cumbersome, federal mandates
What are group contingencies?
a common consequence is contingent on behavior of one group member, part of the group, or everyone in the group
What are advantages and rationale for group contingencies?
saves time; can be used when individual contingencies are impractical; cases when problem must be quickly resolved; capitalize on peer influence/monitoring (peers as change agents); facilitates positive social interactions and positive behavioral supports within the group
What is an independent group contingency?
contingency presented to all group members but reinforcers only delivered to those meeting criterion
What is a dependent group contingency?
reward for whole group depends on behavior of an individual or small group (hero procedure)
What is an interdependent group contingency?
All group members must meet contingency criterion individually or as a group before any individual gets reward; all or nothing arrangement; group averaging; good behavior game and good student game
What are group contingency guidelines?
choose a powerful reward, determine behavior to change and collateral behaviors that might be affected, set appropriate performance criteria, combine with other procedures, select most appropriate group contingency, monitor individual and group performance
What are the components of self-control?
a controlling response and a controlled response
What is self-control?
In the “relative absence” of immediate external controls, a person emits a response designed to control another behavior; person can set up contingencies to be carried out by others; behaviors a person deliberately undertakes to meet self-selected outcomes
What is self-management?
Personal application of behavior change tactics that produces a desired change in behavior; self-management can be used to achieve self-control
What are applications of self-management?
Living a more effective/efficient daily life; breaking bad habits/acquiring good ones; accomplishing difficult tasks; achieving personal goals
What is a reinforcement trap?
Immediate, smaller consequences have more significant effect on behavior than more significant delayed consequences; two-sided contingencies that promote bad habits
What are advantages and benefits of self-management?
Self-management can influence behaviors not accessible to external change agents; external change agents often miss important instances of behavior; self-management can promote the generalization and maintenance of behavior change; a small repertoire of self-management skills can control many behaviors; people with diverse abilities can learn self-management skills; some people perform better under self-selected tasks and performance criteria; people with good self-management skills contribute to more efficient and effective group environments; teaching students self-management skills provides meaningful practice for other areas of the school curriculum; self-management is an ultimate goal of education; self-management benefits society; self-management helps a person feel free; self-management feels good
What are antecedent-based self-management tactics?
manipulating MOs; providing response prompts; performing the initial steps of a behavior chain; removing items necessary for an unwanted behavior; limiting undesired behavior to restricted stimulus conditions; dedicating a specific environment for a desired behavior
What is self-monitoring/recording/observing?
Systematic observation; record occurrence and non-occurrence of behavior
How do reactivity and self-monitoring relate?
Reactivity is likely in self-monitoring but typically in the desired direction
What are guidelines and procedures for self-monitoring?
Provide materials that make self-monitoring easy; provide supplementary cues/prompts; self monitor the most important dimension of the target behavior; self-monitor early and often; reinforce accurate self-monitoring
What are rule-governed analogs of reinforcement and punishment contingencies used in?
Self-management contingencies
What are recommendations for self-administered consequences?
Select small, easy-to-deliver consequences; set a meaningful but easy to meet criterion for reinforcement; eliminate “bootleg” reinforcement; if necessary, put someone else in control of delivering consequences; keep it simple
What is decisional self-control?
Person makes initial decision to alter her behavior and plans how that will be accomplished but then turns over the procedure to a second party in order to avoid the possibility of not emitting the controlling response
What are some other self-management tactics?
Self-instruction; habit reversal; self-directed systematic desensitization; massed practice
What are suggestions for conducting an effective self-management program?
Specify a goal and define behavior to be changed; begin self-monitoring behavior; create contrived contingencies that will compete with ineffective natural contingencies; go public; get a self-management partner; self-monitoring is often paired with goal setting and self-evaluation; behavior changes behavior is the most fundamental principle of self-management
