part 7 Flashcards
heterogenous system of at least one immiscible liquid dispersed in form of small drops in another liquid
emulsion
surface active agent (surfactant) which aids in formation of an emulsion and ^ stability of emulsion
emulsifier
example of water in oil?
butter
example of oil in water?
salad dressing, ice cream (also a/w)
functions of emulsifiers?
1) assist the formation and stabilization of emulsions by reducing surface tension at interface 2) alter functionality of other food comps 3) reduce stickiness (pb), modify crystallization (chocolate bloom)
a byproduct of soybean oil extraction that is a natural emulsifier
lecithin / phospholipids (ionic emulsifiers)
lecithin is comprised of _____
phosphatidyl choline/ethanolamine/inositiol
instead of “by product” we call it:
value added product
how does ionic emulsifier work?
pH changes state–protonate neg charges to become neutral, counter ions
lecithin is a value added product from:
eggs, canola, corn and sunflower
what is ADI of lecithin?
has none, is GMP (GRAS)
is lecithin a food additive?
yes, even though it’s naturally present
a type of non-ionic emulsifier found in nature, has GRAS and no ADI, food additive, and can be produced chemically
mono/diacylglycerols
how to produce mono/diacylglycerols chemicallly?
rxn of glycerol w/ triacylglycerols in presence of catalyst (sodium methoxide) or by enzymatic rxn of TAG with lipase
mono is ___ hydrophilic than diacylglycerol
more (chain length)
synthetic emulsifier that is produced chem. by heating sorbitol in presence of ethylene oxide and catalyst and stearic/oleic acid, amphiphilic and non-ionic
sorbitan fatty acid esters (polysorbates, tweens)
use more ____ sorbitan for O/W
hydrophilic
polysorbate (tween) and carboxymethylcellulose bulking/filler associated with ____
IBS and colitis
surface active molecules produced by living cells (mainly microorg)
biosurfactants
lipids covalently linked carbohydrates (rhamnose)
glycolipid surfactants
what is risk of biosurfactants?
antimicrobial activity when unnecessary, develop resistance
^ CHO means ___ hydrophilic
more
lipids covalently linked to peptides, like surfactin
lipopeptide surfactants
example of oligosacc/polysacc-lipd surfactant?
emulsan (commercially available, used in oil extraction, has adjuvant activity)
what is adjuvant activity of emulsan?
^ activity of certain pharmaceuticals, reduce dental plaque formation
approved for use as foaming agent in beverages and has GRAS status, isolated from bark of quillaja saponaria molina tree, gives things a reflective quality
Q-naturale, saponins
