part 1 Flashcards
common consumer perception?
- don’t need food additives
- chems added beyond what is necessary
- absence of chem additives would make food healthier
- there are enough natural foods to sustain adequate/nutritious supply for ppl
which is more nutritious, 100g caterpillar or steak?
caterpillar!
how much fructose is in honey?
more than sucrose (1.9 ratio to glucose, sucrose is 1:1)
first process made
HFCS (about 1:1 like sucrose, a bit higher)
health benefits touted for this:
triolose
why are bugs enviro friendly?
reduce greenhouse gases by 99%, less space, less water, less feed crops, less zoonosis
how are insects killed?
frozen
what are some ethical concerns for insect slaughter?
slaughter facility not separte from where raised, feed given to insects not necessarily match end use (human consumption)
other issues of insects?
texture/flavour
why were food laws introduced?
to address authenticity and adulteration issues
what is adulteration?
to debase (lower in quality or worth) or make impure by adding inferior, alien, less desirable, less expensive materials –>intentional
how did Assyrians address adulteration?
introduced weights and measures for grains, which were bartered as currency
example of inferior:
moldy
example of alien:
sand
example of less desirable:
production
ex. of less expensive:
to make profit
Egyptians introduced food labelling for ____
wines (location, type, date, assessment of quality)–5 categories from good to fine
lower classes drank wine made from:
dates, palm, non-grape fruits
what were common adulteration issues for wine?
adding water or honey, blending probs
___ introduced extensive food control system dealing with food purity, produce quality, labelling, weights/measures and food fraud
Romans
Middle ages had these ___ for food quality and safety
laws (punishment, fines, jail, death)
examples of mid. age food fraud?
water with lead based colour for beer, sausage would include rags, dirt, leaves, stems, air to puff
fake gemstones were used by ___ during taxation
catholic church
___% food products in marketplace are adulterated
10 (10 billion dollars!)
examples of food adulteration for meats?
beef replaced by horse, pork coloured with sudan red (carcinogenic)
examples of food adulteration with oils?
olive oil mix with canola and tea tree oil
examples of sugar adulteration?
adding sand
examples of coffee adulteration?
mix with leaves/stems of chicory
examples of rice adulteration?
plastic rice
how to test for adulteration?
test food chem levels
food laws in Canada are to ___ consumer safety
protect (not ensure)
additives with GRAS status 1920:
spices and seasonings (sol in water), essential oils (insol in water), natural substances associated with the above (like juice from berries, water extracts from roots and leaves)
how are essential oils extracted from plants?
pressing, distillation/condensation, supercritical food extraction
examples of adulteration of tea?
mixed with lead and use spent tea leaves
examples of candy adulteration:
use lead for bright colouring
Food and Drug Act passed in ____ with amendments
1927
what were some amendments of Food and Drug Act?
a) included list of permitted food colourants, diluents, preservatives
b) unlawful sell foods, drugs, health devices and cosmetics that were fraud/posed health hazards
c) established standards of product identity
d) specific penalties outline
what is poduct identity?
what a food product must contain/be: properly prepared from clean/sound materials, container fill guidelines followed
what is diluent?
edible substance/material mixed into food, often water/starch/carbs
laws are ___ to food adulteration
reactive
food laws control ____
food additives
when was “new” food and drug act passed?
1964
updated amendments of 1964 required?
a) purpose of food additive
b) names of additives that can be used for that purpose
c) foods in which permitted
d) amounts permitted
what food is not allowed to have additives?
milk
why need regulate food additives?
a) ensure food safe supply b) inform consumers c) protect consumers
regulation of food additives is NOT:
to ensure food security or sovereignty
who is the big stick?
Food and Drug Administration
who is responsible in Canada?
Food Directorate of Health Canada
who is internationally responsible?
JECFA
what is food additive?
any substance not normally consumed as food by itself and not normally used as typical ingredient of food (not necessarily nutr. value), intentionally added for tech purpose
food additives term does not include:
contaminants or processing aids or substances added to maintain or improve nutr. qualities
Canada only country to count ___ as food additive
radiation
need symbol and declaration if food is >___% irradiated
10
what foods are often irradiated?
spices
in Canada, food additives don’t include:
food ingredients, vit./min./a.a, protein isolates, spices, seasonings, flavouring preparations, agricultural chem/vet drugs, food packaging materials
what are food ingredients used like food additives?
salt, sugar, lipids, starch
what are flavouring preps?
essential oils
what are agri. chem and vet. drugs classified as?
contaminants
what is a contaminant?
substance not intentionally added to food, present in food as result of production (pre and post farmgate) or enviro contamination
contaminant doesn’t include:
insect parts, rodent hairs, other extraneous matter
what is a processing aid?
any substance intentionally used in processing of raw materials/food/ingredients to fulfill certain tech purpose which may result in unintentional/unavoidable presence of residues or derivatives in final product–>not including apparatus/utensils and not consumed as food ingredient by itself
example of processing aids?
cheese enzymes to coagulate protein (produced in microorg) , juices thru activated carbon/charcoal
what is HFCS?
food ingredient
what is cellulose?
food additive
what is GRAS?
legal term based on sci evidence that chem compound can be safely added to foods at allowable lvl
post ___, not automatically GRAS and need sci testing
1958
food additives have ____ level based on specific function and food product being added to
maximum permitted
what is GMP?
implies manufacturer of food product will follow/maintain strict hygienic, safe, industrially acceptable food manufacture practices
food additives NOT added to make up for:
bad manufacturing practices
