part 2a Flashcards
what is clean label platform?
reduce number of ingredients in foods, promote natural ingredients, focus on front on package info
benefits of food additives?
safer food supply, more nutritious food supply, wider choice of food products, lower prices
why safer food supply?
antimicrobials, antioxidants, sulfites
what do antimicrobials do?
prevent/delay food poisoning
what do antioxidants do?
delay development off flavours/odours; inhibit formation toxic comps
what do sulfites do?
inhibit non-enzymatic browning and formation of potential carcinogenic comps
why more nutritious food supply?
slow/stop destruction nutritionally important food comps, replace of xs cals, ^ shelf life and food quality, ^ nutr by adding nutrients
examples wider choice food products?
convenience, diet restriction, out of season available all year
country with >40% income spent on food?
Pakistan
what are risks of food additives?
direct toxicological effects: almost all insufficient sci data prove absolute safety, health effects of combos, food additive-food component complexes
what is food additive toxicology?
study of adverse effects of chem present in foods on living orgs
intensity of bio response depends on _____ of comp
dose and purity
what are dose response experiments?
pop. of orgs subjected to range of doses of chem compound over defined time period–>produce response vs. dose graph, plot NOAEL values
what is NOAEL?
highest exposure lvl of comp resulting in no detectable toxic effect in animals
how determine NOAEL?
subchronic/life-span studies
what are the diff kinds of toxic effects?
carcinogen, mutagen, teratogen
What is delaney clause?
chem intended for consumption by humans not permitted for use if induce tumours when adminstered at any concentration to humans or animals (impossible–delaney paradox)
what is compromise version of delaney clause?
reasonable certainty of no harm standard
compound produced during manufacture of caramel colours/flavours (maillard reaction)
4-methylimidazole
where 4-methylimidazole found?
coke
what is california proposition 65?
businesses must provide clear reasonable warning if product cause person be exposed to listed carcinogen/teratogen–>found in pretty much all foods–>paradox
what is california proposition amendment?
exemption for naturally occuring toxicants in foods (1/100 000)
what are allergens?
cause allergenic (immune mediated) response
examples of consumer driven labelling:
allergy, vegetarian/vegan
what is food intolerance?
non-immune mediated responses to chem compounds in foods
what are 4 subcategories of food intolerance?
metabolic, pharmacologic, toxic, idiopathic
what is metabolic?
lactose intolerance, PKU
what is pharmacological?
adverse rxn to med
what is toxic?
poisoning (like strychnine)
what is idiopathic?
MSG, synthetic food colourants, sulfits (cause is unknown)
why allergen epidemic?
hyper hygiene, food processing conditions, food adulteration, lack of education, psych distress, human mvmt/immigration
indirect risks of food additives?
^ availability and low cost food with little nutrition
examples of industry/government response?
cut daily calories by 1.5 trillion by 2015, sugar tax/ban ads, cut 20% sugar, portion size reduction by about 10% for ready to serve
