part 3c

Question 1

what are more natural antimicrobials?

Answer 1

natamycin, lactoferrin, carnobacterium maltaromaticum

Question 2

what is macrolide?

Answer 2

antibiotic produced by bacterium that contains macrocyclic lactone ring

Question 3

natamycin produced by bacterium _____ and industrially produced by ____

Answer 3

streptomyces natalensis; fermentation

Question 4

natamycin hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 4

hydrophobic

Question 5

phys properties of natamycin?

Answer 5

white/off-white solid, tasteless/odourless, very heat/pH stable, not very water sol

Question 6

what is activity spectrum of natamycin?

Answer 6

yeasts and moulds

Question 7

mech of action for natamycin?

Answer 7

incorporation into cyto mem–>pore formation and cell leakage and/or ergosterol binding (loss of essential membrane enzyme functions)

Question 8

natamycin is an ___, and has limited ____ agent activity

Answer 8

antimicotic; antimicrobial

Question 9

food uses for natamycin?

Answer 9

North America, cheese surface treatment ; EU bakery/dairy, processed meats, wine
-also topical drug for eye infection and for med devices

Question 10

how come 40ppm (which is greater than natamycin’s water solubility) allowed in wine?

Answer 10

alcohol improve solubility in wine

Question 11

what is lactoferrin?

Answer 11

glycoprotein found naturally in milk/dairy, produced by lactic acid bacteria

Question 12

what bacteria is lactoferrin active against?

Answer 12

both gram neg and pos!

Question 13

approved uses for lactoferrin:

Answer 13

surface spray for uncooked beef carcasses

Question 14

perks of lactoferrin?

Answer 14

promote cell growth, antioxidant properties

Question 15

what is CB1?

Answer 15

facultative anaerobe present naturally in enviro (soil)

Question 16

CB1 produces ____ that are active against ____

Answer 16

bacteriocins; Listeria monocytogenes (gram positive)

Question 17

CB1 approved for use as:

Answer 17

surface spray for vacuum packaged wieners and sliced meats (ready to eat)

Question 18

what is protamine?

Answer 18

highly positively charged (arginine rich) protein, not very acidic, temp stable under 35 degrees

Question 19

major source of protamine?

Answer 19

fish sperm

Question 20

protamine activity spectrum?

Answer 20

gram pos and neg, yeasts, moulds

Question 21

mech of action for protamine?

Answer 21

binds to cyto mem, result in rapid leakage

Question 22

how does protamine work as drug?

Answer 22

used in combo with insulin to improve longevity, reduce flu-like symptoms of taking insulin

Question 23

what does HAMLET stand for?

Answer 23

human alpha-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells

Question 24

what is HAMLET?

Answer 24

human milk-protein lipid complex isolated from breast milk

Question 25

how is HAMLET an adjuvant?

Answer 25

works in conjunction with antimicrobial agent by increasing sensitivity

Question 26

how does HAMLET work to increase antimicrobial sensitivity?

Answer 26

alpha-lactalbumin + oleic acid complex has strong interaction with cyto cell wall to increase sensitivity to antimicrobial agents

Question 27

how is HAMLET an answer to resistant strain concerns?

Answer 27

broad spectrum antimicrobial activity as adjuvant

Question 28

examples of plant antimicrobials?

Answer 28

citral (citrus), carvacrol (oregano), thymol (thyme) with antimycotic, gram + and - activities

Question 29

how get plant antimicrobials?

Answer 29

pressing/extraction (crude mix)

Question 30

what are antimicrobials from animals?

Answer 30

chitosan, lysozyme

Question 31

what is chitosan?

Answer 31

polysacc isolated from exoskeleton of arthropods with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity

Question 32

chitosan is hydrolysate of ___ which is second most common in the world

Answer 32

chitin

Question 33

what is lysozyme?

Answer 33

protein isolated from egg white, active against gram + pathogens

Question 34

why is pH activity range not optimal for lysozyme?

Answer 34

most active 6-9, but most food is <5

Question 35

lysozyme approved for use in ___ for Canada, also in ___ for EU

Answer 35

cheese; wine

Question 36

is lysozyme temp stable?

Answer 36

yessss

Question 37

mech of action for lysozyme and chitosan?

Answer 37

cyto wall destruction

Question 38

___ not approved for food use in Canada, but ___ has GRAS

Answer 38

chitosan; lysozyme

Question 39

examples of antimicrobials from microorg:

Answer 39

pediocin, others produced by lactobacilli species

Question 40

what is pediocin?

Answer 40

bacteriocin isolated from pediococcus acidilactici

Question 41

phys properties of pediocin?

Answer 41

water sol, active over wide pH range, active against gram positive

Question 42

what are CAPs?

Answer 42

cationic antimicrobial peptides; produced from protein isolates via protease treatment

Question 43

what is activity spectrum of CAPs?

Answer 43

bacteria, fungi, molds, viruses

Question 44

how is CAPs effective against viruses?

Answer 44

hydrolyze phospholipid coat

Question 45

what is antimicrobial design?

Answer 45

consider gram + and -, note cell wall is neg. charged (N-AMA), 12-50 aa size, amphiphilic, cationic, flexible (alpha helix), bind to create pores in cell mem *control hydrophobicity, charge

Question 46

what is intelligent/smart packaging?

Answer 46

based on chem compound response (typically colour) to changes in pressure, temp, pH, O2/CO2, electrochem, moisture, etc.

Question 47

how does thermochromic cap work for coffee?

Answer 47

as temp changes, expansion happens and crystals change structure and reflect light diff.

Question 48

why not see smart packaging much?

Answer 48

not consumer driven, cost, reliability, stability, liability

Question 49

why liability issues?

Answer 49

leakage into foods, false pos. or neg.