Part 3 Flashcards
Small, linear, flmae-shaped, red streaks in the fundi, shaped by the superficial bundles of nerve fibers that radiate from the optic disc. Sometimes the hemorrhages occur in clusters and look like a larger hemorrhage but can be identified by the linear streaking at the edges.
Superficial Retinal Hemorrhage
Small, rounded, slightly irregular red spots that are sometimes called dot or blot hemorrhage. They occur in a deeper lyer of the retina than flame-shaped hemorrhages. Diabetes is a common cause.
Deep Retinal Hemorrhage
Develops when blood escapes into the potential space between the retina and vitreous. This hemorrhage is typically larger than retinal hemorrhages because it is anterior to the retina, it obscures any underlying retinal vessels.
Preretinal Hemorrhage
Tiny, round, red spots commonly seen in and around the macular area. They are minute dilatations of very small retinal vessels; the vascular connections are too small to be seen with ophthalmoscope. A hallmark of diabetic retinopathy.
Microaneurysms
Refers to the formation of new blood vessels. They are more numerous, more tortuous, and narrower than neighboring blood vessels in the area and form disorderly looking red arcades. A common feature of the proliferative stage of diabetic retinopathy
Neovascularization
Are white or grayish, ovoid lesions with irregular soft borders. They are moderate in size but usually smaller than the disc. They result from extruded axoplasm.
Soft Exudates: Cotton-Wool Patches
Are creamy or yellowish, often bright, lesions with well-defined hard borders. They are small and round but may coalesce into larger irregular spots.
Hard Exudates
Inflammation has destroyed the superficial tissues to reveal a well-defined, irregular patch of white sclera marked with dark pigment.
Healed Chorioretinitis
Are yellowish round spots that vary from tiny to small. The edges may be soft or hard. They are haphazardly distributed but may concentrare at the posterior pole between the optic disc and the macula
Drusen
Movement of the auricle up and down. Painful in acute otitis externa.
Tug test
Tenderness by pressing firmly just behind the ear
Occurs in otitis media
A firm, nodular, hypertrophic mass of scar tissue extending beyond the area of injury. It may develop in any scarred area but is most common on the shoulders and upper chest.
Keloid
This chronic inflammatory lesion starts as a painful, tender papule on the helix
or antihelix. Here the upper lesion is at a later stage of ulceration and crusting.
Chondrodermatitis Helicis
This raised nodule shows the lustrous surface and telangiectatic vessels of basal cell carcinoma, a common slow-growing malignancy that rarely metastasizes.
Basal Cell Carcinoma
A deposit of uric acid crystals characteristic of chronic tophaceous gout. It appears as hard nodules in the helix or antihelix and may discharge chalky white crystals through the skin.
Tophi
Formerly called a sebaceous cyst,a dome-shaped lump in the dermis forms a benign closed firm sac attached to the epidermis.
Cutaneous Cyst