CNS 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A difference of >0.4 mm in the diameter of one pupil compared to the other, is seen in
up to 38% of healthy individuals.

A

Anisocoria

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2
Q

An involuntary jerking movement of the eyes with quick and slow components.

A

nystagmus

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3
Q

drooping of the upper eyelid. Seen in 3rd nerve palsy, Horner syndrome and myasthenia gravis.

A

Ptosis

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4
Q

are fine flickering irregular movements in small groups of muscle fibers

A

Fasciculations

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5
Q

When a normal muscle with an intact nerve supply is relaxed voluntarily, it maintains a slight residual tension known as

A

muscle tone

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6
Q

is velocity-dependent increased tone that worsens at the extremes of range.

A

Spasticity

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7
Q

is increased resistance throughout the range of movement and in both directions; it is not rate-dependent.

A

Rigidity

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8
Q

Impaired strength or weakness is called

A

paresis

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9
Q

Absent strength is

A

paralysis, or plegia

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10
Q

refers to weakness of one half of the body

A

Hemiparesis

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11
Q

refers to paralysis of one half of the body.

A

hemiplegia

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12
Q

means paralysis of the legs

A

Paraplegia

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13
Q

means paralysis of all four limbs.

A

quadriplegia

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14
Q

Scale for Grading Muscle Strength

A

0 —No muscular contraction detected
1 —A barely detectable flicker or trace of contraction
2 —Active movement of the body part with gravity eliminated
3 —Active movement against gravity
4 —Active movement against gravity and some resistance
5 — Active movement against full resistance without evident fatigue. This is normal muscle strength.

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15
Q

Symmetric weakness of the proximal muscles suggests

A

myopathy

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16
Q

symmetric weakness of distal muscles suggests

A

polyneuropathy

17
Q

In cerebellar disease, instead of alternating quickly, these movements are slow, irregular, and clumsy, an abnormality called____. It points to cerebellar disease.

A

dysdiadochokinesis

18
Q

Consistent deviation to one side which worsens with the eyes closed, referred
to as ___, suggests cerebellar or vestibular disease.

A

past pointing

19
Q

A uncoordinated gait with reeling and instability is

A

ataxic

20
Q

The patient stands fairly well with eyes open but loses balance when they are closed a positive of

A

Romberg sign

21
Q

Condition where the patient has difficulty standing with feet together whether the eyes are open
or closed.

A

cerebellar ataxia

22
Q

occurs when one forearm and palm turn inward and down and is both sensitive
and specific for a corticospinal tract lesion in the contralateral hemisphere.

A

Pronator drift

23
Q

a sensory level (when one or more sensory modalities are reduced below a dermatome on one or both sides) suggests

A

spinal cord lesion

24
Q

Symmetric distal sensory loss suggests a

A

diabetic polyneuropathy

25
Q
Dermatomes:
● both shoulders 
● the inner and outer aspects of the forearms
● the thumbs and little fingers 
● the fronts of both thighs 
● the medial and lateral aspects of both legs
● the little toes 
● the medial aspect of each buttock
A

● both shoulders (C4)
● the inner and outer aspects of the forearms (C6 and T1)
● the thumbs and little fingers (C6 and C8)
● the fronts of both thighs (L2)
● the medial and lateral aspects of both legs (L4 and L5)
● the little toes (S1)
● the medial aspect of each buttock (S3)

26
Q

___ refers to absence of pain sensation, ___ refers to decreased sensitivity to pain, and
___ refers to increased pain sensitivity.

A
  • Analgesia
  • hypalgesia
  • hyperalgesia
27
Q

___ is absence of touch sensation, ___ is decreased sensitivity to touch, and ___ is increased sensitivity.

A
  • Anesthesia
  • hypesthesia
  • hyperesthesia
28
Q

refers to the inability to recognize objects placed in the hand.

A

Astereognosis

29
Q

refers to the ability to identify an object by feeling it.

A

Stereognosis

30
Q

The inability to recognize numbers, or ____, indicates a lesion in the sensory cortex.

A

graphanesthesia

31
Q

is the band of skin innervated by the sensory root of a single spinal nerve.

A

Dermatome

32
Q

Scale for Grading Reflexes

4
3
2
1
0
A

4 - Very brisk, hyperactive, with clonus (rhythmic oscillations between flexion
and extension)
3 - Brisker than average; possibly but not necessarily indicative of disease
2 - Average; normal
1 - Somewhat diminished; low normal
0 - Reflex absent

33
Q

a technique involving isometric contraction of other muscles for up to 10 seconds that may increase reflex activity.

A

Reinforcement

34
Q

Dorsiflexion of the big toe is a positive of ___, is occasionally accompanied by reflex flexion at hip and knee.

A

Babinski response

35
Q

Loss of the anal reflex suggests a lesion in the S2–3–4 reflex arc, seen in

A

cauda equina lesions